农业生态学终极版Word文档下载推荐.docx

农业生态学终极版Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Fairtrade

FunctionalfoodFoodseatenforspecifiedhealthpurposes,becauseoftheir（rich）contentofoneormorenutrientsornon-nutrientsubstanceswhichmayconferhealthbenefits.

（foodseatenforspecifiedhealthpurposes,becauseoftheir（rich）contentofoneormorenutrientson‐nutrientsubstanceswhichmayconferhealthbenefitsourcesofcarotenoids,fibre,fattyacids）

Neutraceuticalfood--Acombinationofthetwowords"

nutrition"

and"

pharmaceutical"

isafoodorfoodproductthatreportedlyprovideshealthandmedicalbenefits,includingthepreventionandtreatmentofdisease.

HealthCanada（agovernmentagency）definesthetermas"

aproductisolatedorpurifiedfromfoodsthatisgenerallysoldinmedicinalformsnotusuallyassociatedwithfood.

Anutraceuticalisdemonstratedtohaveaphysiologicalbenefitorprovideprotectionagainstchronicdisease."

Alivingcommunity,allthefactorsinitsnonlivingenvironmentandtheinteractionsamongthesebioticandabioticfactors

dealswiththeobservationandanalysisofsystemsoflivingorganisms,andhowtheyinteractwiththeirenvironment

Agriculture:

scienceorpracticeofcultivatingthesoilandrearinganimals

Humus:

Themoreorlessstablefractionofthesoilorganicmatterremainingafterthemajorportionofplantandanimalresidueshavedecomposed.

（Abrownorblackorganicsubstanceconsistingofpartiallyorwhollydecayedplantoranimalmatterthatprovidesnutrientsforplantsandincreasestheabilityofsoiltoretainwater.）

Food 

web:

aseriesoforganismsrelatedbypredator-preyandconsumer-resourceinteractions;

theentiretyofinterrelated 

food 

chainsinanecologicalcommunity.

Trophiclevels:

agroupoforganismsthatoccupythesamepositioninafoodchain

Homeostasis:

Homeostasis 

isthetendencyofasystemtomaintainstabilityowingtothecoordinatedresponseofitspartstoanysituation

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Section1-Unit1Whatisagriculture,ecology,ecosystems,agroecology?

1.Thegoalsofthecourse

Thescience,art,politicsandsociologyofchangingsunlightintohappy,healthypeople.“农业是把太阳光转变成人们健康、幸福生活的科学、艺术、政治学和社会学”

•农业生态学是介绍农业生态系统的结构与功能的学科。

而农业生态系统则是人参与下的自然与社会系统的共同部分,以农业生产为手段,以食物生产为动力的综合系统。

农业生态学综合动、植物科学、农业工程技术和土壤科学，提供一个系统的视野。

Thiscourseisanintroductiontoagricultureandfoodsystems.Theprinciplesofagriculturalproductionasstudiedinthedisciplinesofanimalscience,plantscience,agriculturalengineeringandsoilsciencewillbeintegratedtogiveacomprehensiveviewofagriculturalecosystems

2.Whycornisagoodsymbolforthecourse

Corn….Agro-ecosystemsymbol?

Dependenceonpeople..Interdependence

Adaptedtobeacrop

Food/feed

Doeswellinmanure

Widelyadaptedasaspecies;

narrowlyadaptedasahybrid

Blamedforbothsocialandenvironmentalills!

3.Describe5differentusesofcornforfoodand3non-fooduses

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Section1-Unit2Naturalecosystemsvs.people-centeredecosystems.Agro-ecosystems

1.ExplainthedifferencesbetweenNaturalecosystemsandPeople-CentredecosystemsNaturalecosystem:

iswhentheecosystemhasnotbeenalteredbyhumanactivities.

People-centeredecosystem:

areacompoundecosystemcontainingnaturalecosystemandhumanity.Humanbeingisthecenterofthisecosystem.

2.Describethepartsofatypicalfoodsystemandexplaintheinteractionsofthepartswitheachother

----CONSUMERwant:

healthy,quality,cheap,choice

-----RETAILERwant:

profit,---Achieve:

highquality

-----PROCESSORwant:

highquality,service

-----PRODUCERwant:

profit,cleanenvironment

3.AnswerthequestionofwhyAmericanstylefastfoodrestaurantsalwayswantcustomerstobuyFrenchfriesandhowthatrelatestotheoverallfoodsystem.

Becausetheywanttomakemoreprofits.ItcostsverylittleforpurchaseFrenchfried.However,theycanselltheproductatahighprice,Throughtheprocess,theyattainmoreprofitsfromcustomers.Asaresult,theprocessorswanttogrewrawmaterialsfromfamersatalowerpricethanusual.Finally,famersfocusonproducingmorepotatoestosupplydemandinthemarket.What’smoreitcanmakeacontributiontointernationaltrade.Thisisabeneficialwaytoletbothsidessatisfied.

4.Commentontheproblemsofdisconnectionoftheconsumerwiththeproducerinthefoodsystemandthephysicalsystemsdisconnectionthatoccurswithlongdistancetransportationoffood.

Theproducermaynotalwaysknowwhattheconsumerwantsandthereforeproducesinappropriateproductswhicharehardtomarket.

Theconsumermaymistrusttheirfoodandnotknowifitissafe.

Otheranswersarepossible;

e.g.,greaterrelianceonimportedfoodwithmoreenergyuseintransportation

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Lecture2b:

Chinatrendsinfooddemandandtrade

1Whyare“alleyesontheChinamarket”?

–largepopulation（nearly1/5oftheworldpopulation）

–38-50%ofhouseholdbudgetspentonfood

–increaseinGDPeachyear

–morespendingpower

ChangesinwhatChinaeatswillaffectworldagriculturalmarkets.

2.Whathasmorespendingpowermeantinregardstothefoodspeoplepurchase?

•More-MEATDairy,poultry,fishandfruit

•Betterquality

Brandnames

Processed-packagedproducts

Organic-chemicalfreefoods

3.CanChinaproduceallthefoodspeoplewant?

Articlesuggests:

•Productionyieldshavebeenpushedtolimits

•Agriculturallandresourcesaregettingscarcer

•Chemicalsaregettingintofoodsfrompesticides,antibiotics,andfactoryrunoff

•Consumersareconcernedaboutfoodsafety

4.Willthefoodtrendscontinuetogrow?

•Morewealthhasspreadtotheinteriorareas

–Moreroads-bettertransportofgoods

–More“supermarkets”inruralareas

–Moreeducation,training,jobsforruralareas

–Fewertradebarriers–betterdistribution

5.OpportunitiesformarketingproductstoChina?

Moreaccesstoruralmarketsandmoreinformedconsumerswithspendingpower.

6.List5waysincreasedspendingpowerinChinahaschangedthetrendsinconsumerfooddemands.

–Increaseinmeatconsumption（feedandfood）

–Morevarietywanted–dairy,fish,fruit

–Betterqualityoffoodiswanted

–Increaseddemandfor‘safe”foods（organic）

–Consumerswantmoreprocessedorpreparedfoods

–Morebrandnamedproducts

–Lessconsumptionoftraditionalgrains（riceandwheat）

7.WhyisthebusinessofexportingagriculturalproductstoChinaexpectedtoincrease?

Moreaccesstoruralmarketsthroughbetterroads,supermarkets,distributionpolicies.

Moreeducatedconsumerswantingquality

Limitedresources,agriculturallandbasetoproduceallthefoods

8.FiveconsumertrendsinChinaare:

1.Theconsumptionofgrains,suchasriceandwheat,isdecreasingwhiletheconsumptionofotherfooditems,suchasdairy,meat,andprocessedfoods,isincreasing.

2.Spendingonhousing,education,travel,leisure,healthcare,andautomobileshasincreased.

3.Theamountofmoneyspentonfoodisincreasingandwealthyhouseholds,inparticular,arespendingmoreonhigherqualityfoods.

4.Consumersviewimportedfoodstobesafer.

5.Ruralmigrantsaredevelopingconsumptionhabitssimilartothoseoftheurbanpopulation.

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Section1-Unit3"

Makingmoneyandrespectingtheenvironment"

1.Name10ofthetop20cropsintheworld

1.Wheat2.Rice（paddy）3.Maize4.Barley5.Pearlmillet6.Sorghum7.Soyabean8.Cotton

9.Oats10.Fieldbean11.Whitepotato12.Groundnut13.Rye14.Sweetpotato15.Sugarcane

16.Cassava17.Pea18.Chickpea19.Grape20.Oil-seedrape

2 

NamethemajorfruitcropsinFujianProvince

3-Explaintheroleofclimateindeterminingwherecropswillgrow

4 

Givetwoexamplesofhowfarmersmodifythegrowingenvironmenttoextendthelocationinwhichacropcanbegrown?

5.Explainwhatismeantbya"

cultivation"

ofacrop?

Cultivation:

Theplanting,tending,improving,orharvestingofcropsorplantsthepreparationofgroundtopromotetheirgrowth.

Cultivationinvolves:

1.Selectionofthatcropplantbestadaptedtoensureahighprobabilityofsatisfactoryyieldoftherequiredproduct

2.Propagation:

thepreparationofthesoilbysomeformoftillageinordertoensuresuitable