英语高级视听说下原文Word下载.docx

英语高级视听说下原文Word下载.docx

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WesortofmadeeyecontactandthenIfeltthethudfromhimhittingthetrainandthenthecracklingsoundunderneaththetrainand,then,ofcourse,myheartstartsthumping,"

sherecalls.

Shecameintoouremergencyroomafterwards,veryupset.Nophysicalinjury.Entirelyapsychologicaltrauma,"

saysDr.RogerPitman,apsychiatristatHarvardMedicalSchoolwhohasstudiedandtreatedpatientswithpost-traumaticstressdisorder,orPTSD,for25years.

They'

recaughtupsomuchwiththispasteventthatit'

sconstantlyintheirmind,"

Pitmanexplains."

relivingitoverandoverandoverasifit'

shappeningagain.Andtheyjustcan'

tgetinvolvedinreallife."

WhenBeatrizarrivedintheemergencyroom,Pitmanenrolledherinanexperimentalstudyofadrugcalledpropranolol,amedicationcommonlyusedforhighbloodpressure...andunofficiallyforstagefright.Pitmanthoughtitmightdosomethingalmostmagical–trickBeatriz’sbrainintomakingaweakermemoryoftheeventshehadjustexperienced.

Inthestudy,whichisstillunderway,halfthesubjectsgetpropranolol;

halfgetaplacebo.

AskedwhetherheknowsifBeatrizgotthedrugortheplacebo,Dr.Pitmansayshehasnoideaandneitherdoesshe,andthattheresearchteamwon'

tknowforanothertwoyears.

IfPitmanisright,theresultscouldfundamentallychangethewayaccidentvictims,rapevictims,evensoldiersaretreatedaftertheyexperiencetrauma.

Thestorybeginswithsomesurprisingdiscoveriesaboutmemory.ItturnsoutourmemoriesaresortoflikeJello–theytaketimetosolidifyinourbrains.Andwhilethey'

resetting,it'

spossibletomakethemstrongerorweaker.Italldependsonthestresshormoneadrenaline.

ThemanwhodiscoveredthisisJamesMcGaugh,aprofessorofneurobiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.

McGaughstudiesmemoryinrats,andheinvitedStahltowatchthemakingofaratmemory–inthiscasehowaratwho'

sneverbeeninthistankofwaterbeforelearnshowtofindaclearplasticplatformjustbelowthesurface.

He’llswimaroundrandomly,"

McGaughexplains.Theratcannotseetheplatform,sincehiseyesareonthetopofhishead.

Theratwillswimaroundtheedgeforalongtime,untileventuallyheventuresoutandbychancebumpsintotheplatform.Thenextday,he'

llfindtheplatformalittlebitfaster.

Butanotherrat,whohadlearnedwheretheplatformwasthedayprior,andthenreceivedashotofadrenalineimmediatelyafterwards,todayswaminstantlytotheplatform.

Adrenalineactuallymadethisrat'

sbrainrememberbetter,andMcGaughbelievesthesamethinghappensinpeople."

SupposeIsaidtoyou,'

Youknow,I'

vewatchedyourprogramsalotovertheyears,andalthoughitpainsmetohavetotellyouthis,Ithinkyou'

reoneofworstpeopleI'

veeverseenon…nowdon'

ttakeit,don'

ttakeitpersonally,'

McGaughsays.

So,mystresssystemwouldgointooverdrive,noquestion,"

Stahlsays.

Evenwithmytellingyouthatit'

snottrue,there'

snothingtokeepyoufromblushing,fromfeelingwarmallover,"

McGaughpointsout."

That'

stheadrenaline.AndIdaresaythatyou'

regonnaremembermyhavingsaidthatlongafteryou'

veforgottentheotherdetailsofourdiscussionhere.Iguaranteeit."

McGaughsaysthat’swhywerememberimportantandemotionaleventsinourlivesmorethanregularday-to-dayexperiences.Thenextstepinhisresearchwastoseewhatwouldhappenwhenadrenalinewasblocked;

hestartedexperimentingwithpropranolol.

Propranololsitsonthatnervecellandblocksit,sothat,thinkofthisasbeingakey,andthisisalock,theholeinthelockisblockedbecauseofpropranololsittingthere.Soadrenalinecanbepresent,butitcan'

tdoitsjob,"

McGaughexplains.

McGaughshowedStahlathirdratthathadlearnedwheretheplatformwasonthepreviousdayandthenreceivedaninjectionofpropranolol.Thenextday,theratswamaroundtheedge,asifhehadforgottenthereeverwasaplatformoutthere.

AcrossthecountryatHarvard,RogerPitmanreadMcGaugh'

sstudiesandalightbulbwenton."

WhenIreadaboutthis,Isaid,'

Thishasgottobehowpost-traumaticstressdisorderworks.'

Becausethinkaboutwhathappenstoaperson.Firstofall,theyhaveahorriblytraumaticevent,andtheyhaveintensefearandhelplessness.Sothatintensefearandhelplessnessisgonnastimulateadrenaline,"

Pitmansays."

Andthenwhatdowefindthreemonthsorsixmonthsor20yearslater?

Excessivelystrongmemories."

Pitmanfiguredhecouldblockthatcyclebygivingtraumavictimspropranololrightaway...beforeadrenalinecouldmakethememoriestoostrong.Hestartedrecruitingpatientsforasmallpilotstudy.OneofthefirstwasKathleenLogue,aparalegalwhohadbeenknockeddowninthemiddleofabusyBostonstreetbyabicyclist.

Hejusthitthewholeleftsideofmybody.AnditseemedlikeforeverthatIwaslayinginthemiddleofStateStreet,downtownBoston,"

Logueremembers.

Shesaysshewasterrifiedthatshewasjustgoingtogetrunover.

Aspartofthestudy,Loguetookpropranololfourtimesadayfor10days.Liketheotherswhogotthedrug,threemonthslatersheshowednophysiologicalsignsofPTSD,whileseveralsubjectswhogotaplacebodid.ThoseresultsgotPitmanfundingforalargerstudybytheNationalInstitutesofHealth.

ButthenthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicscondemnedthestudyinareportthatsaidourmemoriesmakeuswhoweareandthat"

re-writing"

memoriespharmacologically…risks"

underminingourtrueidentity."

Thisisaquote.'

Itrisksmakingshamefulactsseemlessshamefulorterribleactslessterriblethantheyreallyare,'

StahlreadstoLogue.

Aterribleact,"

shereplies."

Whyshouldyouhavetolivewithiteverydayofyourlife?

Itdoesn'

terasethefactthatithappened.Itdoesn'

teraseyourmemoryofit.Itmakesiteasiertorememberandfunction."

DavidMagnus,directorofStanfordUniversity’sCenterforBiomedicalEthics,saysheworriesthatitwon'

tbejusttraumavictimstryingtodullpainfulmemories.

Fromthepointofviewofapharmaceuticalindustry,they'

regoingtohaveeveryinterestinhavingasmanypeopleaspossiblediagnosedwiththisconditionandhaveitusedasbroadlyaspossible.That'

stherealityofhowdrugsgetintroducedandutilized,"

Magnusargues.

He’sconcerneditwillbeusedfortrivialreasons."

IfIembarrassmyselfatapartyFridaynightandinsteadoffeelingbadaboutitIcouldtakeapillthenI'

mgoingtoavoid–nothavetoavoidmakingafoolofmyselfatparties,"

Magnussays.

Soyouthinkthatthatembarrassmentandallofthatisteachingus?

Stahlasks.

Absolutely,"

Magnussays."

Ourbreakups,ourrelationships,aspainfulastheyare,welearnfromsomeofthosepainfulexperiences.Theymakeusbetterpeople."

Butwhiletheethicistsdebatetheissue,thescienceismovingforward.Researchershaveshowninratstudiesthatpropranololcanalsobluntoldmemories.

Pitmanwondered:

Coulditworkinhumans?

HeteamedupwithCanadiancolleagueAlainBrunet,whosearchedforpeoplewithlong-standingPTSD,likeRitaMagil.Shehadsufferedforthreeyearsfromnightmaresafteralife-threateningcaraccident.

AnotherstudysubjectisLouiseO'

Donnell-Jasmin,whowasrapedbyadoctorattheageof12."

Herapedmeonhisdesk,onachair,andonthefloor.It,forme,itwaslikeIwasdyinginside,"

sheremembers."

Theworldhadended."

O'

Donnell-Jasminwashauntedbytherapeformorethan30years.Sheneverfeltcomfortableundressinginfrontofherhusbandandsufferedfromrecurrentflashbacksandnightmares.

Thestudywassimple:

Subjectscameinandwereaskedtothinkaboutandwritedowneverydetailtheycouldrememberabouttheirtrauma;

inMagil'

scase,hercaraccident,reactivatingthememoryinherbrain.Shewasthengivenpropranolol.

Ritasaysshesufferednosideeffects.

Aweeklater,electrodesmeasuredherbody’sstressresponseasshelistenedtoaretellingofhertrauma.Askedwhathappened,Magilsays,"

Noreaction."

Andshesaysshehadnomorenightmares.

ThepatientwhomadethemostdramaticrecoveryturnedouttobeO'

Donnell-Jasmin,butthere'

sacatch,becauseshewasinacontrolgroupandthereforewasn’tsupposedtoimproveatall.

Donnell-Jasminwasgivenpropranolol,butunlikeMagil,shetookthedrugwhilewatchingapleasantmovie,notaftertellingeverydetailaboutherrape.Andyet,aweeklater,shenoticedachange."

Iwakeup.AndIfindmyselfundressing.Andmyhusbandisthere.AndIrealizeI'

mundressing,andI'

mnotfeelingasthoughIneedtohideunderthebedanymore,"

Askedifitisgone,O'

Donnell-Jasminsays,"

Yes.Thelink,whatheldtheemotionstothememories,it'

sliketheumbilicalcordhasbeencut.AndthereisnowayIcanaccesstheemotionsanymore.Andfurthermore,everydayitgetsbetter."

Louisegot