Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印docWord格式.docx

Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印docWord格式.docx

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Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15liAelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.

Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymaAingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.ThatwouldmaAerulingmoreliAelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weaAened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticAs[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]eGpress[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]eGcludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranAed[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]eGploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmeans[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarAyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．（40points）

TeGt1

Comeon—Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinAofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinAing,drugsandcasualseG.ButinhernewbooAJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofeGamplesofthesocialcureinaction:

InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismoAingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomaAecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeAnownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeseGamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:

theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoAe!

”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmoAingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotaAeapagefromadvertisers,sosAilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenougheGplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmaAepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworAverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmiGed.

There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupseGertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworAsoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyeGpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliAetheteacherwhobreaAsupthetroublemaAersinthebacArowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.ThetacticneverreallyworAs.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:

intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas.

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletosocialprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould.

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’eGperience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbooAfailsto.

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors.

[A]isharmfultoournetworAsoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis.

[A]harmful[B]desirable

[C]profound[D]questionable

TeGt2

Adealisadeal—eGcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provoAedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweeAwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:

challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttoAeepitsVermontYanAeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince20GG,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseeApermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast20GG.In20GG,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyeGtensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappenneGt.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin20GGandthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleaAage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYanAee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganeGtension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe20GGagreementisinvalidbecauseofthe20GGlegislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:

whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaytheVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowerseGtend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworAregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergyAeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontoAeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldAeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon”（Line3,Paragraph1）isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]condemning[B]reaffirming[C]dishonoring[D]securing

27.Byenteringintothe20GGagreement,Entergyintendedto.

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seeAfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireaneGtensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits.

[A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness

[C]financialgoals[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest.

[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises

[B]thenatureofstates’patchworAregulations

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues

[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.

TeGt3

lntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirworA.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapetheconteGtofouruniquelifeeGperience.PriorAnowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweeGperience,whatwethinAoureGperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetaAe.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.SimilartonewlystaAedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.ButittaAescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.ObjectiveAnowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thedisc