英译汉原文Word下载.docx
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WhenIwasaboy“discoveringliterature”,IusedtothinkhowwonderfulitwouldbeifeveryotherpersononthestreetwerefamiliarwithProustandJoyceorT.E.LawrenceorPasternakandKafka.LaterIlearnedhowrefractorytohighculturethedemocraticmasseswere.LincolnasayoungfrontiersmanreadPlutarch,ShakespeareandtheBible.ButthenhewasLincoln.
LaterwhenIwastravelingintheMidwestbycar,busandtrain,Iregularlyvisitedsmall-townlibrariesandfoundthatreadersinKeokuk,Iowa,orBentonHarbor,Mich.,werecheckingoutProustandJoyceandevenSvevoandAndreiBiely.D.H.Lawrencewasalsoafavorite.AndsometimesIrememberedthatGodwaswillingtospareSodomforthesakeof10oftherighteous.NotthatKeokukwasanythinglikewickedSodom,orthatProust’sCharluswouldhavebeentemptedtosettleinBentonHarbor,Mich.Iseemtohavehadapersistentdemocraticdesiretofindevidencesofhighcultureinthemostunlikelyplaces.
FormanydecadesnowIhavebeenafictionwriter,andfromthefirstIwasawarethatminewasaquestionableoccupation.Inthe1930’sanelderlyneighborinChicagotoldmethathewrotefictionforthepulps.“ThepeopleontheblockwonderwhyIdon’tgotoajob,andI’mseenputteringaround,trimmingthebushesorpaintingafenceinsteadofworkinginafactory.ButI’mawriter.IselltoArgosyandDocSavage,”hesaidwithacertaingloom.“Theywouldn’tcallthatatrade.”ProbablyhenoticedthatIwasabookishboy,likelytosympathizewithhim,andperhapshewastryingtowarnmetoavoidbeingunlikeothers.Butitwastoolateforthat.
Fromthefirst,too,Ihadbeenwarnedthatthenovelwasatthepointofdeath,thatlikethewalledcityorthecrossbow,itwasathingofthepast.Andnoonelikestobeatoddswithhistory.OswaldSpengler,oneofthemostwidelyreadauthorsoftheearly30’s,taughtthatourtiredoldcivilizationwasverynearlyfinished.Hisadvicetotheyoungwastoavoidliteratureandtheartsandtoembracemechanizationandbecomeengineers.
Inrefusingtobeobsolete,youchallengedanddefiedtheevolutionisthistorians.IhadgreatrespectforSpenglerinmyyouth,buteventhenIcouldn’taccepthisconclusions,and(withrespectandadmiration)Imentallytoldhimtogetlost.
Sixtyyearslater,inarecentissueofTheWallStreetJournal,IcomeupontheoldSpenglerianargumentinacontemporaryform.TerryTeachout,unlikeSpengler,doesnotdumpparalyzingmountainsofhistoricaltheoryuponus,buttherearesignsthathehasweighed,siftedandponderedtheevidence.
Hespeaksofour“atomizedculture,”andhisisaresponsible,up-to-dateandcarefullyconsideredopinion.Hespeaksof“artformsastechnologies.”Hetellsusthatmovieswillsoonbe“downloadable”—thatis,transferablefromonecomputertothememoryofanotherdevice—andpredictsthatfilmswillsoonbemarketedlikebooks.Hepredictsthatthenear-magicalpowersoftechnologyarebringingustothethresholdofanewageandconcludes,“Oncethishappens,myguessisthattheindependentmoviewillreplacethenovelastheprincipalvehicleforseriousstorytellinginthe21stcentury.”
Insupportofthisargument,Mr.Teachoutcitestheominousdropinthevolumeofbooksalesandthegreatincreaseinmovieattendance:
“ForAmericansundertheageof30,filmhasreplacedthenovelasthedominantmodeofartisticexpression.”TothisMr.TeachoutaddsthatpopularnovelistslikeTomClancyandStephenKing“topoutataroundamillioncopiesperbook,”andnotes,“ThefinalepisodeofNBC’s‘Cheers,’bycontrast,wasseenby42millionpeople.”
Onmajoritariangrounds,themovieswin.“Thepowerofnovelstoshapethenationalconversationhasdeclined,”saysMr.Teachout.ButIamnotatallcertainthatintheirday“Moby-Dick”or“TheScarletLetter”hadanyconsiderableinfluenceon“thenationalconversation.”Inthemid-19thcenturyitwas“UncleTom’sCabin”thatimpressedthegreatpublic.“Moby-Dick”wasasmall-publicnovel.
Theliterarymasterpiecesofthe20thcenturywereforthemostparttheworkofnovelistswhohadnolargepublicinmind.ThenovelsofProustandJoycewerewritteninaculturaltwilightandwerenotintendedtobereadundertheblazeanddazzleofpopularity.
Mr.Teachout’sarticleinTheJournalfollowsthepathgenerallytakenbyobserverswhoseaimistodiscoveratrend.“Accordingtoonerecentstudy55percentofAmericansspendlessthan30minutesreadinganythingatall....ItmayevenbethatmovieshavesupersedednovelsnotbecauseAmericanshavegrowndumberbutbecausethenovelisanobsoleteartistictechnology.”
“Wearenotaccustomedtothinkingofartformsastechnologies,”hesays,“butthatiswhattheyare,whichmeanstheyhavebeenrenderedmoribundbynewtechnicaldevelopments.”
Togetherwiththisemphasisontechnicsthatattractsthescientific-mindedyoung,thereareotherpreferencesdiscernible:
Itisbettertodoasamajorityofyourcontemporariesaredoing,bettertobeoneofmillionsviewingafilmthanoneofmerethousandsreadingabook.Moreover,thereaderreadsinsolitude,whereastheviewerbelongstoagreatmajority;
hehaspowersofnumerosityaswellasthepowersofmechanization.Addtothistheimportanceofavoidingtechnologicalobsolescenceandtheattractionoffeelingthattechnicswilldecidequestionsforusmoredependablythanthethinkingofanindividual,nomatterhowdistinctivehemaybe.
JohnCheevertoldmelongagothatitwashisreaderswhokepthimgoing,peoplefromeverypartofthecountrywhohadwrittentohim.Whenhewasatwork,hewasawareofthesereadersandcorrespondentsinthewoodsbeyondthelawn.“IfIcouldn’tpicturethem,I’dbesunk,”hesaid.AndthenovelistWrightMorris,urgingmetogetanelectrictypewriter,saidthatheseldomturnedhismachineoff.“WhenI’mnotwriting,Ilistentotheelectricity,”hesaid.“Itkeepsmecompany.Wehaveconversations.”
IwonderhowMr.Teachoutmightsquaresuchidiosyncrasieswithhis“artformsastechnologies.”Perhapshewouldarguethatthesetwowritershadsomehowisolatedthemselvesfrom“broad-basedculturalinfluence.”Mr.Teachouthasatleastonelaudablepurpose:
HethinksthatheseesawaytobringtogethertheGreatPublicofthemovieswiththeSmallPublicofthehighbrows.Heis,however,interestedinmillions:
millionsofdollars,millionsofreaders,millionsofviewers.
Theonething“everybody”doesisgotothemovies,Mr.Teachoutsays.Howrightheis.
Backinthe20’schildrenbetweentheagesof8and12lineduponSaturdaystobuytheirnickelticketstoseethecrisisoflastSaturdayresolved.Theheroinewasuntiedinamatterofsecondsjustbeforethelocomotivewouldhavecrushedher.Thencameanewepisode;
andafterthatthenewsreeland“OurGang.”FinallytherewasawesternwithTomMix,oraJanetGaynorpictureaboutayoungbrideandherhusbandblissfulintheattic,orGloriaSwansonandThedaBaraorWallaceBeeryorAdolpheMenjouorMarieDressler.AndofcoursetherewasCharlieChaplinin“TheGoldRush,”andfrom“TheGoldRush”itwasonlyonesteptothestoriesofJackLondon.
Therewasnorivalrythenbetweentheviewerandthereader.Nobodysupervisedourreading.Wewereonourown.Wecivilizedourselves.Wefoundormadeamentalandimaginativelife.Becausewecouldread,welearnedalsotowrite.Itdidnotconfusemetosee“TreasureIsland”inthemoviesandthenreadthebook.Therewasnocompetitionforourattention.
OneofthemoreattractiveodditiesoftheUnitedStatesisthatourminoritiesaresonumerous,sohuge.Aminorityofmillionsisnotatallunusual.ButthereareinfactmillionsofliterateAmericansinastateofseparationfromothersoftheirkind.Theyare,ifyoulike,thereadersofCheever,acrowdofthemtoolargetobehiddeninthewoods.Departmentsofliteratureacrossthecountryhavenotsucceededinalienatingthemfrombooks,worksoldandnew.MyfriendKeithBotsfordandIfeltstronglythatifthewoodswerefilledwithreadersgoneastray,amongthosereaderstherewereprobablywritersaswell.
TolearnindetailoftheirexistenceyouhaveonlytopublishamagazinelikeTheRepublicofLetters.Givenencouragement,unknownwriters,formerlywithouthope,materialize.Oneearlyreaderwrotethatourpaper,“withitscontentssofresh,person-to-person,”was“real,non-synthetic,undistracting.”Notingthattherewerenoads,sheasked,“Isitpossible,canitlast?
”andcalledit“anantidotetotheshrinkingofthehumanbeingineveryoneofus.”Andtowardtheendofherletterourcorrespondentadded,“Itbehoovestheeldergenerationtocomeupwithremindersofwhoweusedtobeandneedtobe.”
ThisiswhatKeithBotsfordandIhadhopedthatour“tabloidforliterates”wouldbe.Andfortwoyearsithasbeenjustthat.Weareapairofutopiancodgerswhofeelwehaveadutytoliterature.Ihopewearenotlikethosehumanedo-gooderswho,whenthehorsewasvanishing,stilldonatedtroughsinCityHallSquareforthirstynags.
Wehavenowayofguessinghowmanyindependent,self-initiatedconnoisseursandloversofliteraturehavesurvivedinremotecornersofthecountry.Thelittleevidencewehavesuggeststhattheyaregladtofindus,theyaregrateful.Theywantmorethantheyaregetting.Ingenioustechnologyhasfailedtogivethemwhattheysobadlyneed.
Notes:
1.SaulBellow(June10,1915–April5,2005)wasaCanadian-bornAmericanwriter.Forhisliterarycontributions,BellowwasawardedthePulitzerPrize,theNobelPrizeforLiterature,andtheNationalMedalofArts.Heistheonlywrit