Tess 论文英美文学24号文档格式.docx

Tess 论文英美文学24号文档格式.docx

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外语学院

姓名：

葛一明

班级：

B1203

学号：

13

Outline:

I:

introductionofthenovel

II:

ThefactorsofcausingthetragedyofTess

A.Poorfamilyenvironment

B.Socialenvironmentandsocialmoralstandards

C.Tess’character

III.FatalismandpessimismofThomasHardy

ThomasHardywasanEnglishnovelistandpoet,andoneofthegreatestcriticalrealisticEnglishwritersofthe19thcentury.Hehadlotsoffamousworksinhislife.AndTessoftheD’Urbervilleswasthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeoneofallhisworks.Atthesametime,theheroineTesshaslongbeenregardedasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.UnderHardy’spen,Tesswascreatedasapureandwarm-heartedwoman,whohadthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.Whileherdestinywasnotasbeautifulasherbeautyormind.Thenlet’sgotogetherintoTess’sadstoryandexperienceherupsanddownslife.

I.Introductionofthenovel

Tesswasayoungwomanwhocamefromlowsocialstatus,yetsheendowedwiththegoodpersonalitiessuchasbeauty,benevolenceanddiligence.Oneday,hisfatherheartoftheirfamilywasdescendantofanobilityD’Ubervilles.SoheletTessclaimrelativewithagooddressing.Thenthetragedyhappened.TesswasseducedbyAlecD’UrbervillesandsubsequentlyTesspregnant.Afterthat,shereturnedhomeandgavebirthtoababywhodiedyouthfully.Sincethistime,Tess’destinywaschangedcompletely.Peoplearoundherincludingthechurchalldespisedherandthoughtherabadgirl.Evenifherownfamilyalsodidnotshowanysympathyorsayanythingtocomforther,buttookTessasashame.ThenthewretchAlecwantedtocompensateTessbysomemoneyandsomematerialconditions.ButTessrefusedhiminsistently.Althoughshewaspoor,shewasamanofcharacter.ShesaidtoAlec:

”Ihaveneverloveyou,Alec,andIneverwill.Idon’tevenhateyou,Ifeelnothing.Youarejustdustandashestomenow”.Afterreadingthese,IappreciatedTessverymuch.Ithoughtshewassorighteousandproud.Themostimportantthingwasthatshedidnotlowherheadtoevilinfluence.Eveninthatsociety,moneyandpositionmeantalmosteverything,shestillcouldbeherself.ButGoddidnotstopplayingjokeswithsuchgoodagirl.

Inordertoavoidthiskindofenvironment,afteralong-timereleaseofspirit,Tesswentameadowworkingasamilkmaid.Thenshefellinlovewiththesonofagentleman,AngelClare.Howeversheshowedherinnocenceagain.ShebelievedAngelwouldforgiveherpast.SosheconfessedallherpasttoAngelattheweddingnight.Buttheresultwastotallyoppositetowhatshethoughtbefore.Angelcouldn’tforgiveherandabandonedTesseventhoughhealsomadethesamemistake.WhatleftTesswasjusttheendlesswaiting.FinallyTessdecidedtogaveuponAngel.Underthecircumstances,Alecappearedagainandwantedtoseducehertogobacktohimbymaterialstemptation.Tessbecamenumb.Forgivingacomfortablelifetoherfamily,thistime,shedidnotreject.Tohersurprise,AngelcamebackandwantedtoforgiveTesslater.ForthesakeofgettingridoftheentanglementofAlecandgoingwithAngel,TesskilledAlec.Withoutexpression，Tessbecameamurderandwassentencedtodeath.

II.ThefactorsofcausingthetragedyofTess

Afterfinishingit,Icouldn’thelpcrying.Iwantedaskwhy,whysogoodagirlwouldgotsuchabadending.Whatcausedthat?

Familyenvironment,cruelsocietyorTessherself?

Ithoughtmaybealltheydid.ButIthinkherfamilyfactorisjusttheblastingfuse.

Tesswasthedaughterofaverypoorvillager.Herparentwasverybenighted.Ononehand,herfamilywasverypoor.Herfatherwasalazyvendorandhermotherwasavulgarwashworker.Shehadyoungbrothersandsisterswhoneededcare.“Everydayseemedtothrowuponheryoungshouldersmoreoffamilyburdens”.Soshehasnochoicebuttotryherbesttomakemoneytosupportherfamily.Ontheotherhand,herparentswantedtoliveabetterlifeandshowedofftheso-called“aristocrat”status.EspeciallyWhenherfatherfoundhewasthedescendantofanancientaristocraticfamily,D‘Urberviles,hewasimmenselyproudofhimselfalthoughtherewasnothingvaluableleftinhishand.TheywereeagertosendTesstothed’Urbervillesfamilytoworkandmarrythewealthygentleman.Tosomeextent,itwasTess’parentswhomadethechanceforAlec.Inotherwords,Tesswasatoolusedtogetmoneyandreputationforherparents.Tesswouldnotenterd’Urbervillesfamilyifherfamilywasbetteroff;

TesswouldnotbeinsultedbyAlecIfherfamilydidnotgiveheranypressure.What’sworse,herfamilynevertaughtheranythingthatagirlneededtoknow.Tesssays,“Whydidn’tyoutellmetherewasdangerinmen-fold?

Whydidn’tyouwarnme?

Ineverhadthechanceoflearninginthatway,andyoudidnothelpme”.Thisprovedhowhermothertreatedher.Therefore,“itwasthishomelessdespairofafamilywhichhadlostitsrightsandindependenceinthevillagecommunitythatgaveTessfinallyintotheinvader’spower”.

B.socialenvironmentandsocialmoralstandards

Ifwesaythefamilyfactoristheblastingfuse,thenIthinksocialenvironmentandsocialmoralstandardsaretheveryrootoftragedy.Tesswasapoorpeasantgirlwhowantedtorelyonherhandstopursuitindividualhappinessright,butthepowerforcesofsocietycouldn’tlettingoffaweakgirl.Shelivedinthelate19thcenturyof“Britain'

sVictorianera”,inwhichthecruelcapitalistexploitationhadruinedtheEnglishcountrysideseverelyandWessexwasnotimmunefromthedestruction.Inthistime,Capitalistclasscontrolledallright,andthelawwereservicedforthem.Farmerswereatthebottleofthesociety,theyhadneverequalrightasthecapitalistclass.TessasawomanintheVictorianera，shecouldnotavoidthe“Hegemony”fatherrightconsciousnessto“woman”natureunderstandingandseveresocialetiquette.Andthepatriarchalsocialsystemmadewomenlosttheirindependentstatus.BytheCapitalistinvasion，thoseSelf-reliantfarmerswhohadasmallamountoflandandthemeansofproductionhadfollowedtheinsolvency.Femalebeautynotonlyregardedasthe"

Troubles"

butalsobecameanexcuseformentoshirktheircrime；

Themalerequestedfemininetobeloyalandthebodilypureandchaste,actuallydisregardedownindulging.Butinundermalepowersuppression,femininethoughtpatternalsowascontrolledsolidlybythiskindofstrongtrendwasevenmelting.ThefamilyofTesswasnoexception.Thedeathofthehorsedestroyedthefamily'

slivelihoodandfinishedthefamily?

Tessthoughtthatshehaddraggedherparentsintothisquagmire.SosheworkedthereasanemployeeofAlec.Later,shewasseducedbyhim.Severalyearslater,shewenttolookforajobagain,buttherewasalmostnothingtobefound.SoshehadtogoontoFlint-com-Ashandtheworkwassohardthatfewcaretodo.Aleccomestoheragainwhenshewasabsolutelyexhaustedphysicallyandmentally.Whatmademattersworse,afterherfatherdeath,thefamilywasevictedandhasnoplacetolivein.Tosupportthefamily,TesshadtoacceptAlecforthesecondtime.ItwasatthecostofTess?

ThepoorlifepushedTessintothetrapofthewickedman,andthecapitalistexploitationbroughtabouttheirpoorlife.Alec,maybeeveryonewhoreadthenovelwouldhatehim,ayellowdog.HedestroyedTess’chastityandreputation,whichwerethemostimportantthingsforagirl.HeabsolutelyrobbedTessoftherighttothehappiness.ActuallywecouldsaythatAlecwasthenewly-bornrepresentativeofcapitalism,ofsocialenvironment,whowasbold,realisticandfullofthoughts.ButwasAlecthemosthatefulman?

Ithoughttheanswerwasnot.ButAngelwas.ButwasAlecthemosthatefulman?

Ithoughttheanswerwasnot.ButAngelwas.AfterheknewTess’past,hedidnothavecouragetofacetherealityandescaped.Inmyview,Angelwasacoward,apurecoward.HeoncemadeapromisetoTess,whilewherewashenow?

Hebelievedstronglythatawomanoncetainted,shouldbelookeddownuponandpunished.AccordingtotheVictoriancustom,amancouldliveadissipatinglifeashehadoncedonewhileawomancouldnot.ThedoublestandardformanandwomanmadeitimpossibleforangeltoforgiveTessevenAngelhadevermadethesamemistake.Infact,hisunfairstandardforTesswasquiterepresentative,because"

themaledemandforpurityinwomanandtheuseofthedoublestandardinsexualmatterswereessentialfeaturesofthesociallifeofthenineteenthcentury."

let’sassumethatifAngelforgaveTessatthattime,theywouldhaveleadahappylife.Whereastherealityalwaysbeingcruel.Angelwassocoldandselfish.Consequently,TessseemedtobetotornbetweentheevilsocialforceandthehypocriticalreligionincharacterizationofAlecandconventionality,Christianmoralityandbourgeoisviewofclassdistinctionincharacterofangel.Neitherofwhomcouldbebetterthantheother.Itseemedthatshenowjumpedoutofthefryingpanintothefireandthenoutofthefirefromthefryingpan.Tobehonest,AlecandAngelwerejusttherepresentativesofthesocietyatthatage.Thepoorhadtoenduretheexploitationofthecapitalist.JustlikeTess,shewasthevictimbecausetherapeofAlec.WhileTesswastheonlypersonpunishedandshehadnoanyabilitytoresisttheinsultofAlec.Meanwhile,shewasinculpable,butshehadtobearthediscardofAngel.Shewantedtodominateherowndestiny,whileshehadnochoicebutbeingthevictimandthesacrificelambofthesociety.Inconclusion,Tess’tragedyisduetothemoralrootofs