OralLanguagevsWrittenLanguageWord下载.docx

OralLanguagevsWrittenLanguageWord下载.docx

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2. 

OralEducation

2.1Whyweneedtolearnorallanguage?

2.2Howwelearnit?

1. 

Thedefinitionoforallanguage

Tofindoutthedefinitionoforallanguage,wemustfirstbesurewhatlanguageis.TheAmericanSpeech-Language-HearingAssociation（ASHA）defineslanguageas“Acodemadeupofrulesthatincludewhatwordsmean,howtomakewords,howtoputthemtogether,andwhatwordcombinationsarebestinwhatsituations.Speechistheoralformoflanguage.”

Infact,orallanguageismorethanaspeech.Itreferstotheactofspeakingandlistening.Themaincomponentsfortheorallanguageskillsetmayincludeyourwordknowledge（whichdependsonthevocabularybuilding）,yourlanguageunderstanding（whichmeanssemanticandcomprehensionability）andyourstructuredthinking（whichisalsoknownaslogisticthinkingorelaboratethoughts）.Ofcourse,thereshouldbeaplaceforsentencestructureonwhicheducationpaysmostattention,orintheotherword,grammar.However,noonewillreallycarealotonthegrammarwhenheistalkingwithothers.Evenanativespeakerwillwonderhowcanlanguagelearnersdesignsuchcomplexrulesfordailyspeaking.

Itisuniversallyknownthattheremustbedifferencesbetweenoralandwrittenlanguage.Allcommunicationincludesthetransfersofinformation,forthatpeopleallspeakandwriteintheirownwayofthinking.Thecommunicationreflectstheirmindsothattherearenotwopeoplealike.Whilewritingisastaticformoftransfer,alwaysmoreformalandfullofculture,speakingisadynamictransferofinformation,alwaysdecoratedwithsomehotwordsandslangs.Tobeaneffectivespeaker,youshouldexploitthedynamismoforalcommunication,butalsolearntoworkwithinitslimitations.W.Chafe,anAmericaneducator,claimedthat,”

Orallanguagewithitsstructuralfragmentationhasacloseinvolvementwiththespeakersandthedetachment;

writtenlanguagewithitsstructuralintegrationdoesnotrelyonthedetachment.”②

Justlikespeakerspreferusing“and”and“but”toconnectsimplesentences,andaverttheuseofsubordinateclauseorcomplexsentences,whicharealwayshighlyrecommendedwhenyouwhattowriteanarticle.HereIwilllistsomeofthedifferences:

①From“ScreeningforSpeechandLanguageDelayinPreschoolChildren”

②From《英语口语和书面语语体特征比较》

1.2.1GrammaticalDifference

Fromtheperspectiveofgrammar,therearemanyobviousdifferencesbetweenthebodiesoforalandwrittenlanguage.Inadditiontoeverydaycasualconversation,speakingcanalsoincludeformaltalks,reports,speeches,debates,livecommentaryandstorytelling.Thesentencestructure,wordsandexpressionsaredifferentfromthewrittenform.Thespeakercanspeakandthinkatthesametime,andevenchangingwordsandcorrectingtheerrorareallowed.Usuallyindailyconversation,peoplecasuallydon’tmindthegrammaticalproblem.C’monIjustspeakwhatIwantto,andinthewayIfeelcomfortable.

Writtenlanguageismorerigorous.Attentionwillbepaidtoaccuracy,rigorandintegrity.Adverbialphrases,participialphrasesandnominativestructureareextensivelyused.

1.2.2VocabularDifference

Oralcommunicationusewordswithfewersyllablesthanthewrittenlanguagedoestomakethesentenceshorter.Andinoralcommunication,peopleusuallyusethewordsthatfullofsenseofspeaking,likefashionablewords,two-partallegoricalsayings,colloquialism,slangs,phrasalverbs,exc.Thesekindsofwordscanmakethespeechliveandeasygoing,whichcanbecommonlyunderstood.Whatismore?

Self-referencingpronounssuchasIarecommon.

Incontrast,writtenlanguagepreferstoaddsomebigwordsinthetexttocreateanatmosphereordescribethedetails.Thewrittenlanguageisalwaysmoreprecise.Writtenwordscanbechosenwithgreaterdeliberationandthought.Forexamples,“witnessed”isusedtoreplacetheword“seen”,“inflated”for“blownup”,“consider”for“think”,“investigate”for“lookinto”.Theattributeofwritingwillneverbetoomuch.Theauthorcanwriteandrewriteatgreatlength.Similarly,thereadercanreadquicklyorslowly.Thewrittenwordappealsmoretoacontemplative,deliberativestyle.

1.2.3StructuralDifference

Writtenlanguageistheresultofre-organizationandre-consideration.Anexcellentarticleisusuallymadeupofclearplan,wellorganizationandcarefularrangement.Eachparagraphmustclarifyoneofthemainpointsoftheauthor.Soitisalwaysfulloflogicsandpreparations.

Whenpeoplespeak,theyalwayschoosesomephrases,whichwillnotbeseeninanyparagraph,onlytobuildacontactwiththelistener.Andalsotheywillputsomeremendywordstomaketheirtalkfluent,andtogiveapauseforhesitantandthinking.Thiskindofremendywordsincludes“youknow”,“waitamoment”,“letmesee”,“Ithink”,andtheeasiest:

“well”.Addingthewordscannotonlyhelpthecommunicationflowfreely,butalsokeepthespeakerscasual.Whatismore,inoralcommunication,whensometimespeoplefailtofindaexactexpressionorprecisionisnotneeded,somerelativelyobscurewordswillbechosen,suchas:

everybodyknows,why,asif,exc.

1.2.4VisualDifference

Peopleusuallydescribewrittenlanguageaspaperandink,whichmeansinwrittenformallreaderscanseeisthewritingfeatures.Segmentation,punctuation,line,quotationmarks,italicsandabbreviationsindicateitscharacteristics.

However,orallanguagecanhaveabettervisualfeeling.Therewillbefacialexpressions,toneofvoiceandbodylanguagethatshowclearlythespeakers’intentions.Inaddition,yourlanguagefeatures,intonation,stress,pause,reflectingthecharacteristicsofbodyimage,canalsomakeanimpressiononthelisteners.Speakingofstress,itisoneofthemostimportantmeanstoshowtheemotion.Puttingstressondifferentwords,attitudescanbetotallydifferent.Sometimesstressandprolongedsoundcanleadyoursayingtoatotallydifferentmeaning.

Ontheotherhand,oralcommunicationcanbemoreeffectiveinexpressingmeaningtoanaudience.Thisdistinctionbetweenprecisionandeffectivenessisduetotheextensiverepertoireofsignalsavailabletothespeaker.Aspeakerhassignificantlymorecontroloverwhatthelistenerwillhearthanthewriterhasoverwhatthereaderwillread.

1.2.5DifferenceofSententialForms

OralLanguage

RelatedWords

therefore,thus,hence,asaresult,accordingly,consequently

and,so

Structure

useparticipialphrases,participle,absoluteconstructionsasadverbials

commonlyusecompoundsentencesorsimplesentences

SentencePattern

commonlyassociatedprepositionsandrelatedwords

useellipticalsentences,incompletesentences,etc.

Orallanguageisthefoundationforstudentlearning.Itisessentialforliteracylearning,andsuccessfuluseoflanguageiscriticalforstudents’wellbeing.Almostallclassroom-basedlearningreliesonorallanguage.JustasafamousAmericaneducatoraswellaspsychologistpointedout“Proficiencyinorallanguageprovideschildrenwithavitaltoolforthought.Withoutfluentandstructuredorallanguage,childrenwillfinditverydifficulttothink.”①

Sodoeseverybody.Peoplevaryintheirabilitytousetheirexistinglanguageinordertolearnortowork.Theleveloforallanguageknowledgeandcompetencyofsomestudentsissubstantiallydifferentfromthedemandsofthecurriculum.

-bywatchingTVseries

Recommendations:

OrangeCounty《橘子郡男孩》

Friends《老友记》

Frazier《欢乐一家亲》

24《24小时》

Lost《迷失》

TheSimpsons《辛普森一家》

DesperateHousewives《绝望的主妇》

TheMonk《神探阿蒙》

Will&

Grace《威尔和格蕾丝》

TheSopranos《黑道家族》

PrisonBreak《越狱》

GrowingPains《成长的烦恼》

C.S.I.《犯罪现场》

SexandTheCity《欲望都市》

-byspeakingwithnativespeaker

Infact,nativespeakersareeverywhere,aslongasyoureallywantone.ThereisEnglishCornerinmosthighschoolsanduniversities,inwhichyoucandefinitelyfindatalkativespeaker.Ormaybeyoucangotoatouristattraction,andofferyourhelptothem.Haveatalkwiththem,evenjustfromsimply“CanIhelpyou?

”Then,youwillfindouthoweasymakingafriendwithanativespeakeris.

-bysingingEnglishsongs

OfcourseImeanballads,withlyricsthatreallyhavesomemeanings.Bysinging,youcancatchthepaceatwhichthenativespeakers.

-byreadingsomekindsofbookonslang

BookList:

<

ThePocketDictionaryofAmericanSlang>

by:

unknown（publishedin1968）

UrbanDictionary:

FreshestStreetSlangDefined>

AaronPeckham

SlangAmericanStyleMoreThan10,000WaystoTalktheTalk>

RichardSpears

①From“StandUp,SpeakOut:

ThePracticeandEthicsofPublicSpeaking”

REFERENCE

[1]车少飞.英语口语和书面语语体特征比较[J].赤峰学院学报：

汉文哲学社会科学版.2008年12期

[2]高德新,于秀金.网络环境下的大学英语口语教学模式改革探讨[J].外语电化教学,2008,05:

57-62.

[3]王立非,周丹丹.我国英语口语研究12年:

回顾与现状[J].外语界,2004,06:

7-14.

[4]吴淑婷.原版英文电影在大学英语口语教学中的应用研究[D].江西师范大学,2013.

[5]FerraroVincentandC.PalmerKathryn.DifferencesBetweenOralandWrittenCommunication[J]..12.2014

[6]S.WrenchJason,GodingAnne,IfertJohnsonDanette,andA.AttiasBernardo.StandUp,SpeakOut:

ThePracticeandEthicsofPublicSpeaking,v.1.0[J]..12.2014

[7]U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality.ScreeningforSpeechandLanguageDelayinPreschoolChildren[J].12.2014