English Literature南师大英国文学笔记文档格式.docx
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ThomasHardy（1840—1928）维多利亚时期向现实主义过度时期
OscarWilde（1854—1900）
JohnGalsworthy（1867—1933）
GeorgeBernardShaw（1856—1950）批判现实主义但不属于维多利亚时期
7.Modernism:
D.H.Lawrence（1885—1930）
WilliamButlerYeats（1865—1939）
JamesJoyce（1882—1941）
VirginiaWoolf（1882—1941）
WilliamSomersetMaugham（1874—1965）
ThomasStearnsEliot（1888—1965）
JohnBoyntonPriestley（1894—1984）
LouisMacNeice（1907—1963）
OldEnglishPeriod:
WilliamShakespeare
WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）
★LiteraryAchievements:
·
37plays,
2narrativepoems,
154sonnets（Sonnets1-126addressedtoayoungman,Sonnets127-152addressedto“DarkLady”,Sonnets153-154addressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology）
★LiteraryPosition:
“notofanage,butforalltime”,
thegreatestgiantofEnglishlanguageandpoeticform,
oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature,
oneofthegreatestwritersintheworld’sliterature.
▲Sonnet:
1.What’sasonnet?
Apoemin14lines;
originatedinItaly,aformverypopularinRenaissanceEurope,especiallyinItaly,FranceandEngland;
introducedtoEnglandbyThomasWyatt（怀亚特）andtheEarlofSurrey（塞莱）.
2.Byrhymescheme,sonnetscanbeclassifiedinto2styles:
TheItalianorPetrarchansonnet（意大利型或彼得拉克型）&
TheShakespearianorEnglishsonnet（英国或莎士比亚型）
①Thefirsteightlines—octave:
thethemeisputforwardoraquestionisraised;
thenextsixlines—sestet,theanswertothetheme【abbaabbacdcdcd（cdecde）】
②Threequatrains（四行诗）—thethemeisputforwardanddeveloped;
thecouplet（两行诗）—asurprisingconclusionorashiftofideas【ababcdcdefefgg】
▲Plays（4periods）
1.Firstperiod（1592-1594）:
Hisapprenticeshipinplays.
Historicalplays:
KingHenryVI《亨利六世》,RichardⅢ《查理三世》
Comedies:
Love’sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》
2.Secondperiod（1595-1600）:
Matureperiod,amarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumanism
（4大喜剧）:
AMidsummerNight’sDream
TheMerchantofVenice
AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight
RomeoandJuliet
3.Thirdperiod（1601-1608）:
Flourishingperiod,aperiodofgloomyanddepression
（4大悲剧）:
Hamlet
Othello
KingLear
Macbeth
4.Fourthperiod（1608-1612）:
Theperiodofromanticdramaintheformoftragicomedies
Reconciliationplays:
TheWinter’sTale《冬天的童话》,TheTempest
—WilliamShakespeare
1.ThecharacterofShylock:
Stone-heartedandpitiless;
Inhuman;
Stubborn;
Malicious;
Revengeful;
Eloquent,quick-mindedandflexible;
Religiouspious
2.Themeoftheplay:
topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,
toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,
toeulogizethetriumphoffriendshipandloveovergreedandavarice,goodoverevil,humanityoverinhumanity,commercialcapitalismoverthefeudalpracticeofusury,
asatireontheChristianhypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldlinessandtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainsttheJews.
Restoration,Englishrevolution,thebourgeoisDictatorship（王朝复辟）
JohnMilton
★Historicalbackground
1.TheEnglishrevolutionandtheRestoration.
Causes:
theconflictbetweenthemonarchandParliament;
thepersecutionofthePuritans
2.ThebourgeoisDictatorshipandtheRestoration
GloriousRevolution—abloodlessrevolution
Theconstitutionalmonarchy.
★LiteraryAchievements
▲Pamphlets
TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）
TheSecondDefenseoftheEnglishPeople（1650）
▲Poems
ParadiseLost《失乐园》（1667）:
hismasterpiece——ThegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.
ParadiseRegained（1671）《复乐园》
SamsonAgonistes（1671）《力士参孙》
★LiteraryPosition
AmasteroftheBlankverse
ThegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury
OneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguage
ParadiseLost
—JohnMilton
1.Introduction
Longepicin12books
Writteninblankverse
BasedonGenesis《创世纪》intheOldTestament
DramatizestheBiblicalaccountofhumanity’sbanishment.
2.Theme
—Milton’saimedpurpose:
“justifythewaysofGodtoman”（昭示天道对人的公正）
—Realpurpose:
challengetherestoredmonarch
God—tyrannical,representstheking
Satan—rebellingagainstmonarch
LovebetweenAdamandEve—humanpursuitforhappiness,thespiritofRenaissance
3.Writingfeatures
—Miltonstyle:
Sonority洪亮,Eloquence雄辩,Majesty尊严,Grandeur壮美
Theblankverse
Longandinvolvedsentences
—Latinatestyle
Inversion
Allusion
TheRiseofFiction
DanielDefoe（1660-1731）
JonathanSwift（1667-1745）
HenryFielding（1707-1754）
※Fiction
Themainstreamof18thcenturyliterature,&
Theriseandgrowthofrealisticnovel—themostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature
DanielDefoe（1660-1731）:
Fatherofmodernjournalism,&
“jack-of-all-traders”
——RobinsonCrusoe（1719）
Defoe’smasterpiece
ThefirstEnglishnovelinarealsense
ThefirstEnglishrealisticnovel
RobinsonCrusoe
—DanielDefoe
1.Theme:
—tosingthepraisesofhumanlabor
—tocelebratethestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment
—tobeautifycolonialism&
Negroslavery
2.Plot:
runawayfromhome→becomeasailor→aplanterinBrazil→toanuninhabitedislandbecauseofshipwreck→madealivingthereallbyhimself→saveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisservant→backtoEngland→visittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilled
3.RobinsonCrusoe’scharacterization:
typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practical,diligent,arestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;
shrewd,careaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;
courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles
4.Style:
journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetails,simpleandplainsentencestructureandlanguage,firstpersonpointofview,naturalorderinnarration,makingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclasses
▲Books
TheBattleofBooks《书籍之战》
ATaleofTub《一个桶子的故事》
Guliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》
——hismasterpiece:
asatireonthewholeEnglishsocietyofthe18thcentury.
▲Pamphlets
TheDraper’sLetters《一个布商的书信》
AModestProposal《一个温和的建议》
——（AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingaBurdentoTheirParents）
Guliver’sTravels
—JonathanSwift
1.Plot:
PartI:
AVoyagetoLilliput
PartII:
AVoyagetoBrobdingnag
PartIII:
AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibarbi,Glubbdubdrib,LuggnaggandJapan
PartIV:
AVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms
2.Whataretheimpliedideastheauthortriedtoconveybythischapter?
TheauthorbelievedReasonwasveryimportantforhumanbeing.Ifhuman’sdesiresaren’tcontrolledbyreason,humanwillbecomedisgustinglikeyahoosonedayinthefuture.
3.StyleofSwift’sprose:
Hisprosestyleissimple,clearandvigorous.Hisfamoussaying“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle”influencedalotlaterwriters.
JosephAndrews《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》
—Fielding’sfirstnovel
—Parody（satiricalimitation）ofRichardson’sPamela《帕米拉》/《贞洁得报》
—Acomicepicpoeminprose
JonathanWildtheGreat《大伟人江奈生魏尔德传》
TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding《弃儿汤姆琼斯》
Amelia《阿米利亚》
ThefatherofEnglishnovel
—ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovel-settingupthetheoryofrealisminliteraryposition.
—Establishingonceforalltheformofthemodernnovel.
★WritingFeatures
Third-personnarration第三人称叙述
Satire
Humanportraits&
dialogue
Theeducationalfunctionofthenovel
—Thepurposeofthenovelisnotonlytoamuse,butalsotoinstruct.
※Parody
Writing,music,artsomethingsaid,etc,whichintentionallycopiesthestyleofsomeonefamousorcopiesaparticularsituation,makingthefeaturesorqualitiesoftheoriginalmorenoticeableinawaythatishumorous.为嘲弄某作者或某作品而作成的模仿滑稽作品
TheHistoryofTomJones,AFounding
—HenryFielding
Fielding’smasterpiece,showingthewholelifeof18thcenturyEnglandasshesawit.
18booksdividedinto3partswith6ineach.
Country-versus-citymotif
—thecountryside:
thebasicgoodnessofhumanrace
—thecity:
evilandsin
Anallegorical（寓言的）novel
The18thCentury（1688-1798）
★HistoricalBackground
1.Comparativelypeacefuldevelopmentundertheconstitutionalmonarchy
AcompromisebetweenToryandWhig
TheleadingnavelpowerinEurope
2.TheIndustrialRevolution工业革命
Unprecedentedtechnicalinnovations
Rapidgrowthofindustryandcommerce
★TheEnlightenment
1.AnintellectualmovementinEuropebeganinthelate17thand18thcenturiesandendedwiththeFrenchrevolutionof1789
—OriginatedinFrance,representedbyMontesquieu,Voltaire,Diderot,Rousseau
—AnexpressionofstruggleofbourgeoisieagainstFeudalism
2.Theinfluenceofscienceandphilosophy
—Newton’sdiscoveryofuniversal
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