TPO25 听力文本完整修订版文档格式.docx

TPO25 听力文本完整修订版文档格式.docx

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soffice,andIdon'

tknow,IhopeIwillbeabletograduatenextsemester.

Well,aslongasyou'

vemetthedepartmentalrequirementsandyousubmittheformontime,youshouldn'

thaveanyproblem.Makesureyouincludealltheclassesyouwillhavetakenforyourdegreeinfinanceandtheelectivestoo.

Yeah,butasIlookovertheform,Igotconfusedbecauseoftheway,um...they'

vechangedtherequirements.SonowIamnotsureIwillqualifytograduatenextsemester.IknowIwouldhavebefore,undertheoldrequirements.

Well,whenthebusinessdepartmentchangedthecurriculumtoincludemorecoursesininternationalbusiness,to...well,becauseoftheincreasingglobalizationofbusiness.Wemadesurethatstudentswhohavefinishedtheirsecondyear,thatis,thosewhoareintheirthirdorfourthyear,wouldn'

tbeaffected.Thenewrulesonlyappytostudentsintheirfirstorsecondyear.

That'

sgoodtoknow.Uh...thedepartment'

shiringnewfacultytooIheard,toteachsomeofthenewcourses.ButIwantto...

Yes.Onenewfacultymemberhasbeenhired.ShewillbeteachingInternationalBankingasamatteroffact.

Actually,that'

swhatIwanttoaskabout-InternationalBanking.ItookInternationalBankingI,butInevertookInternationalBankingII.ItusedtobethatthesecondsemesterofInternationalBankingwasanelective,butnowitsaysit'

sarequiredclass.

Yes.Butthat'

soneoftherecentchanges.So...

Oh,Oh,OK.Oh.And...andIamplanningtotakeamanagementcoursenextsemester,butIdon'

tknowifit'

s...ifitwillcounttowardmymajor.

What'

sthecourse?

OrganizationalBehavior.

Yes.Thatwillcounttowardyourmajor.That'

sadifficultclass,youknow.Butwellworthit.Soitlookslikeyouwillhavealltherequiredclassesyouneed.Youshouldbejustfine.

Uh...Iassumeyouhavetakenaseminar?

Yeah,Itookthemarketingseminar.

OK.Youarelookinggood.Justtobeonthesafeside,whydon'

tyoutalktosomeoneinthedean'

sofficebeforeyougivethemtheform.

OK.SoshouldIjustexplaintothemthateventhoughoneoftheseclassesgotchangedfromanelectivetoarequiredclass,Idon'

thavetotakeit?

Yes.You'

vemettherequirementsforgraduation.Andifthere'

ssomethingIneedtodo...ifIneedtowritealetterorwhatever,justletmeknow.

OK.Thanks.I'

llletyouknowifIneedthatletter.

Lecture1-ConservationBiology（AssistedMigration）

ListentopartofalectureinaConservationBiologyclass.

Oneconsequenceofglobalwarmingisextinction.There'

scompellingevidencethatglobalwarmingwillbeasignificantdriverofmanyplantandanimalextinctionsinthiscentury.Soweareconsideringvariousstrategiestohelpsomethreatenedspeciessurvivethisunprecedented,thiswarmingtrend,whichasyouknow,iscausedmainlybygreenhousegasesproducedbytheburningoffossilfuels.Um...themostradicalstrategybeingdebatedamongconservationbiologistsisassistedmigration.Assistedmigrationmeanspickingupmembersofaspecies,ormembersofagroupofinterdependentspeciesandphysicallymovingortranslocatingthem.

Um...translocatingthreatenedspeciestoacoolerplace,tohigherlatitudesorhigherelevations,forexample.

Now,migrationisanaturalsurvivalstrategy.Overthepasttwomillionyears,colderglacialperiodshavealternatedwithwarmerinterglacialperiods.Andso,urn,inresponsetothesegradualclimaticswings,somespecieshaveshiftedtheirrangeshundredsofkilometers.

Soperhapsyouarewonderingwhynotletnaturetakeitscoursenow?

Well,wecan'

t.Themainproblemistoday'

sfragmentedhabitats.Duringpreviousinterglacialperiods,whenglaciersretreated,theyleftbehindopenlandintheirwakes.Todayhumandevelopmenthaspavedovermuchofthenaturalworld.Ecosystemsarefragmented.Housingdevelopments,highwaysandcitieshavereplacedorslicedthroughwithouthelp.Soconservationistsaretryingtosaveasmanythroughwithouthelp.Soconservationistsaretryingtosaveasmanyspeciesaspossible.

Now,assistedmigrationcoulabecomeaviablepartofourrescuestrategy,butthereareanumberofuncertaintiesandrisks.Withoutmoreresearch,wecan'

tpredictifassistedmigrationwillworkforanygivenspecies.Atranslocatedspeciescoulddieoutfromlackoffoodforexample.Attheotherextreme,wemightsuccessfullytranslocatethespecies,butwithinfiveortenyearsthatspeciescouldproliferateandbecomeaninvasivespecies.Likeanon-nativeplantthatchokesoutnativeplantsbyhoggingthenutrientsinthesoil.Translocatedanimalscanbecomeinvasivetoo.IthappenedinAustralia.Thecanetoadwasintroducedbackin1935tocontrolaninsectpestthatwasdestroyingAustralia'

ssugarcaneplantations.Butthecanetoaditselfbecameapestandhasdestroyedmuchofthewildlifeonthatcontinent.

Also,manyspeciesareinterdependent,intimatelyconnectedtooneanother.Likeanimalsthateatacertainplantandthatplantreliesonacertainfungustohelpitgetnutrientsfromsoilandonacertaininsectforpollination.Weprobablyhavetotranslocateentirenetworksofspeciesandit'

shardtoknowwheretodrawtheline.

Andinadditiontoallthat,itisnotevenclearthatassistedmigrationoranymigrationforthatmatter,willhelpatleastforsomespecies.Earthwasalreadyinoneofitswarminterglacialperiodswhenwestartedburningfossilfuels.Andinthetwenty-firstcentury,globaltemperaturesareexpectedtorisetwotosixdegrees.Thatrateofheatingisfargreaterthanduringthelastglacialretreatsome12,000yearsago.

Um...whethertouseassistedmigration,thisdebateismostlywithinthebiologycommunityrightnow.Buttheultimatedecision-makers,intheUnitedStatesatleast,willbethegovernmentagenciesthatmanagenaturalresources.Assistedmigrationreallyneedsthislevelofoversightandsoon.Currentlythere'

snopublicpolicyonusingassistedmigrationtohelpspeciessurviveclimatechange.Peoplearen'

tevenrequiredtoseekpermitstomoveplantsorinvertebrateanimalsaroundaslongastheyarenotclassifiedaspests.Inonecase,agroupofconservationistshasalreadytakenituponitselftotryontheirowntosaveanendangeredtree,theFloridaTorreyatree,throughassistedmigration.There'

sonlyaboutathousandFloridaTorreyasleft.Andglobalwarmingisexpectedtosignificantlyreduceoreliminatethistree'

shabitat.Sothisconservationgroupwantstotranslocateseedlings,FloridaTorreyaseedlings,500kilometersNorthinordertoexpandthespecies'

range.Thegroupbelieveditseffortisjustified,butIandmanyotherbiologistswillbewatchingverycloselyhowthismaverickgroupmakesout,becauselikeIsaid,therecouldbeunintendedconsequences.

Lecture2-MusicHistory（Bé

laBartó

k）

Listentopartofalectureinamusichistoryclass.

SoIjustfinishedreviewingyourpapersontheinfluenceofnationalismonthecomposers'

music.AndinitiallyIwassurprisednoneofyouchosetowriteaboutBé

k,thatisuntilIrememberedwehaven'

thadachancetodiscusshiminground-breakingcomposer.

Bé

kwasaHungarian,whoselifestretchedfromthelatenineteenthcenturytothemiddleoftwentiethcentury.Buthewasnota

fanoftheRomanticstyleofmusicthatwaspopularinhishomelandduringhisyouth.

Wait,Hungarywasn'

tacountryin1900,wasit?

Youareright.Ishouldhavebeenclear.BartokwasborninAustria-Hungary,anationthatbrokeapartwhenhewasaboutfortyyearsold.Actually,thetownwherehewasbornispresentlypartofRomania.Thepoliticalhistoryofthatregioniscomplex.SufficetosaythatBartokisgenerallyknownasaHungariancomposer.

SoduringBartok'

syouth,themusicplayedintheconcerthallsofAustria-HungarywasdominatedbyRomanticpiecesbymostlyGermancomposers.WediscussedtheRomanticstylelastweek.Thesepieceswerelongandlyrical.Theyweremeanttohaveasortofgrandeuraboutthem.Andintheearly1900s,composerswhoworkedintheRomanticstylewerethemostpopularinAustria-Hungary.ButBartok,hewaspartofthemusicalcommunitythatwastryingtochangethis.Anditledhimto...well,thefirstthingitdidwasleadhimtotravel.Helookedatthesmalltowns,andmusic,well,youcouldsayhediscoveredthemusicthatwaspopularinthoseareas.

Whatdoyoumean?

Well,allthemusicwehavebeentalkingaboutthepastfewweeks,Itreallywasallinthecities,that'

swherethecomposersandtheorchestraswere.Outinremoteareasofthecountryside,inrurallocations,musicwasmoretraditional,thesamesongsthatwereenjoyedbypreviousgenerations.Bartokwentout,hetravelledtoasignificantportionofEasternEuropeactually.Heroamedthecountrysideandlistenedtothemusicheardinsmalltownsandinallsortsofcelebrations.Heattendedweddings,dancesandreligiousceremonies,whereheheardaverydifferentsortofmusicfromtheRomanticstuffbeingplayedintheconcerthallsinthecities.Themusicheheardiswhatwewouldconsiderfolkmusic.

Andthenhehadthosesamesongsplayedintheconcerthalls?

No.Atfirsthewentaroundtodocumentthefolkmusic.Hereallywantedtomakesurethefolkso