操作系统概念第七版答案Word格式.docx

操作系统概念第七版答案Word格式.docx

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b.canweensurethesamedegreeofsecurityinatime-sharedmachineasinadedicatedmachine?

explainyouranswer.

answer:

a.stealingorcopyingone’sprogramsordata;

usingsystemresources（cpu,memory,diskspace,peripherals）withoutproperaccounting.

b.probablynot,sinceanyprotectionschemedevisedbyhumanscaninevitablybebrokenbyahuman,andthemorecomplexthescheme,themoredifficultitistofeelconfidentofitscorrectimplementation.

1.2theissueofresourceutilizationshowsupindifferentformsindifferenttypesofoperatingsystems.listwhatresourcesmustbemanaged

carefullyinthefollowingsettings:

a.mainframeorminicomputersystemsb.workstationsconnectedtoserversc.handheldcomputers

a.mainframes:

memoryandcpuresources,storage,networkbandwidth.

b.workstations:

memoryandcpuresouces

c.handheldcomputers:

powerconsumption,memoryresources.

1.3underwhatcircumstanceswouldauserbebetteroffusingatimesharingsystemratherthanapcorsingle-userworkstation?

whentherearefewotherusers,thetaskislarge,andthehardwareisfast,time-sharingmakessense.thefullpowerofthesystemcanbebroughttobearontheuser’sproblem.theproblemcanbesolvedfasterthanonapersonalcomputer.anothercaseoccurswhenlotsofotherusersneedresourcesatthesametime.

apersonalcomputerisbestwhenthejobissmallenoughtobeexecutedreasonablyonitandwhenperformanceissufficienttoexecutetheprogramtotheuser’ssatisfaction.

1.4whichofthefunctionalitieslistedbelowneedtobesupportedbytheoperatingsystemforthefollowingtwosettings:

（a）handhelddevicesand（b）real-timesystems.a.batchprogrammingb.virtualmemoryc.timesharing

forreal-timesystems,theoperatingsystemneedstosupportvirtualmemory

andtimesharinginafairmanner.forhandheldsystems,theoperatingsystemneedstoprovidevirtualmemory,butdoesnotneedtoprovidetime-sharing.batchprogrammingisnotnecessaryinbothsettings.

1.5describethedifferencesbetweensymmetricandasymmetricmultiprocessing.whatarethreeadvantagesandonedisadvantageofmultiprocessorsystems?

symmetricmultiprocessingtreatsallprocessorsasequals,andi/ocanbeprocessedonanycpu.asymmetricmultiprocessinghasonemastercpuandtheremaindercpusareslaves.themasterdistributestasksamongtheslaves,andi/oisusuallydonebythemasteronly.

multiprocessorscansavemoneybynotduplicatingpowersupplies,housings,andperipherals.theycanexecuteprogramsmorequicklyandcanhaveincreasedreliability.theyarealsomorecomplexinbothhardwareandsoftwarethanuniprocessorsystems.

1.6howdoclusteredsystemsdifferfrommultiprocessorsystems?

whatisrequiredfortwomachinesbelongingtoaclustertocooperatetoprovideahighlyavailableservice?

clusteredsystemsaretypicallyconstructedbycombiningmultiplecomputersintoasinglesystemtoperformacomputationaltaskdistributedacrossthecluster.multiprocessorsystemsontheotherhandcouldbeasinglephysicalentitycomprisingofmultiplecpus.aclusteredsystemislesstightlycoupledthanamultiprocessorsystem.clusteredsystemscommunicateusingmessages,whileprocessorsinamultiprocessorsystemcouldcommunicateusingsharedmemory.

inorderfortwomachinestoprovideahighlyavailableservice,thestateonthetwomachinesshouldbereplicatedandshouldbeconsistentlyupdated.whenoneofthemachinesfail,theothercouldthentake-overthefunctionalityofthefailedmachine.

1.7distinguishbetweentheclient-serverandpeer-to-peermodelsofdistributedsystems.

theclient-servermodelfirmlydistinguishestherolesoftheclientandserver.underthismodel,theclientrequestsservicesthatareprovidedbytheserver.thepeer-to-peermodeldoesn’thavesuchstrictroles.infact,allnodesinthesystemareconsideredpeersandthusmayactaseitherclientsorservers-orboth.anodemayrequestaservicefromanotherpeer,orthenodemayinfactprovidesuchaservicetootherpeersinthesystem.

forexample,let’sconsiderasystemofnodesthatsharecookingrecipes.undertheclient-servermodel,allrecipesarestoredwiththeserver.ifaclientwishestoaccessarecipe,itmustrequesttherecipefromthespecifiedserver.usingthepeer-to-peermodel,apeernodecouldaskotherpeernodesforthespecifiedrecipe.

thenode（orperhapsnodes）withtherequestedrecipecouldprovideittotherequestingnode.noticehoweachpeermayactasbothaclient（i.e.itmayrequestrecipes）andasaserver（itmayproviderecipes.）

1.8consideracomputingclusterconsistingoftwonodesrunningadatabase.describetwowaysinwhichtheclustersoftwarecanmanageaccesstothedataonthedisk.discussthebenefitsanddisadvantagesofeach.

considerthefollowingtwoalternatives:

asymmetricclusteringandparallelclustering.withasymmetricclustering,onehostrunsthedatabaseapplicationwiththeotherhostsimplymonitoringit.iftheserverfails,themonitoringhostbecomestheactiveserver.thisisappropriateforprovidingredundancy.however,itdoesnotutilizethepotentialprocessingpowerofbothhosts.withparallelclustering,thedatabaseapplicationcanruninparallelonbothhosts.thedifficultyimplementingparallelclustersisprovidingsomeformofdistributedlockingmechanismforfilesontheshareddisk.

1.9howarenetworkcomputersdifferentfromtraditionalpersonalcomputers?

describesomeusagescenariosinwhichitisadvantageoustousenetworkcomputers.

anetworkcomputerreliesonacentralizedcomputerformostofitsservices.itcanthereforehaveaminimaloperatingsystemtomanageitsresources.apersonalcomputerontheotherhandhastobecapableofprovidingalloftherequiredfunctionalityinastandalonemannerwithoutrelyingonacentralizedmanner.scenarioswhereadministrativecostsarehighandwheresharingleadstomoreefficientuseofresourcesarepreciselythosesettingswherenetworkcomputersarepreferred.

1.10whatisthepurposeofinterrupts?

whatarethedifferencesbetweenatrapandaninterrupt?

cantrapsbegeneratedintentionallybyauserprogram?

ifso,forwhatpurpose?

aninterruptisahardware-generatedchange-of-flowwithinthesystem.aninterrupthandlerissummonedtodealwiththecauseoftheinterrupt;

controlisthenreturnedtotheinterruptedcontextandinstruction.atrapisasoftware-generatedinterrupt.aninterruptcanbeusedtosignalthecompletionofani/otoobviatetheneedfordevicepolling.atrapcanbeusedtocalloperatingsystemroutinesortocatcharithmeticerrors.

1.11directmemoryaccessisusedforhigh-speedi/odevicesinordertoavoidincreasingthecpu′sexecutionload.

a.howdoesthecpuinterfacewiththedevicetocoordinatethetransfer?

b.howdoesthecpuknowwhenthememoryoperationsarecomplete?

c.thecpuisallowedtoexecuteotherprogramswhilethedmacontrolleris

transferringdata.doesthisprocessinterferewiththeexecutionoftheuserprograms?

ifso,describewhatformsofinterferencearecaused.

thecpucaninitiateadmaoperationbywritingvaluesintospecialregistersthatcanbeindependentlyaccessedbythedevice.thedeviceinitiatesthecorrespondingoperationonceitreceivesacommandfromthecpu.whenthedeviceisfinishedwithitsoperation,itinterruptsthecputoindicatethecompletionoftheoperation.

boththedeviceandthecpucanbeaccessingmemorysimultaneously.thememorycontrollerprovidesaccesstothememorybusinafairmannertothesetwoentities.

acpumightthereforebeunabletoissuememoryoperationsatpeakspeedssinceithastocompetewiththedeviceinordertoobtainaccesstothememorybus.

anoperatingsystemforamachineofthistypewouldneedtoremainincontrol（ormonitormode）atalltimes.thiscouldbeaccomplishedbytwomethods:

a.softwareinterpretationofalluserprograms（likesomebasic,java,andlispsystems,forexample）.thesoftwareinterpreterwouldprovide,insoftware,whatthehardwaredoesnotprovide.

b.requiremeantthatallprogramsbewritteninhigh-levellanguagessothatallobjectcodeiscompiler-produced.thecompilerwouldgenerate（eitherin-lineorbyfunctioncalls）theprotectionchecksthatthehardwareismissing.

1.13givetworeasonswhycachesareuseful.whatproblemsdotheysolve?

whatproblemsdotheycause?

ifacachecanbemadeaslargeasthedeviceforwhichitiscaching（forinstance,acacheaslargeasadisk）,whynotmakeitthatlargeandeliminatethedevice?

cachesareusefulwhentwoormorecomponentsneedtoexchangedata,andthecomponentsperformtransfersatdifferingspeeds.cachessolvethetransferproblembyprovidingabufferofintermediatespeedbetweenthecomponents.ifthefastdevicefindsthedataitneedsinthecache,itneednotwaitfortheslowerdevice.thedatainthecachemustbekeptconsistentwiththedatainthecomponents.ifaomponenthasadatavaluechange,andthedatumisalsointhecache,thecachemustalsobeupdated.thisisespeciallyaproblemonmultiprocessorsystemswheremorethanoneprocessmaybeaccessingadatum.acomponentmaybeeliminatedbyanequal-sizedcache,butonlyif:

（a）thecacheandthecomponenthaveequivalentstate-savingcapacity（thatis,ifthecomponentretainsitsdatawhenelect