高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx
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高中英语语法定语从句总结全
高中英语定语从句详解
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:
that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):
when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、where(地点状语)
可以修饰人的关系代词:
that,who,whom,whose
可以修饰事的关系代词:
that,which,as,whose,
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.
定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.
(=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。
=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.)
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。
如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,只可指人
whom:
宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人
whose:
表所属关系,在从句中作定语。
译为:
某人的,某物的
whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)
the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)
Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.
Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.
(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)
关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:
表人用whom;表物用which)
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)
Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.
=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?
=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?
Thelibraryfromwhichwecanborrowbooksisverybig.
ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.
●as的用法:
(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas(与……相同);such…as…(如此,这样);asmany/muchas(和……一样多);so/as…as(与……一样)等结构中。
如:
※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)
.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?
---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.
Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较:
Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
众所周知:
Asweallknow,
It’swell-know(tousall)that…
=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)
Ⅲ.关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完整,只缺状语,它们都可以等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词(如:
time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
注意:
先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:
Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作谓语spent的宾语)
Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.(宾语)
IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched.
Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:
先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:
※Thisisthefactorywh