3D英文经典教程2Word文档格式.docx

3D英文经典教程2Word文档格式.docx

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Backlighting:

Lightingfromabove:

Lightingfrombelow:

Thedirectionthatweviewalightsourcefromhasaprofoundeffectonourperceptionofit,andonhowtheobjectsinascenewillappear.Choosingwhichdirectionyourmainlightiscomingfromisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyoucanmakesinceitwillhaveagreatdealofimpactonhowascenewillappear,andalsoontheemotionsyourimagewillconvey.

Thisiswherethelightsourceisdirectlybehindtheviewer'

spointofview.Itismostcommonlyseeninflashphotographyandisoftenfairlyunappealingifthelightsourceishard-thereareexceptionsandinsomesituationsveryattractiveimagescancomefromsoftfrontallighting.

Frontlightingdoeslittletorevealformortexturesincetheshadowsaremostlyhiddenfromview,asaresultitcanmakethingslookflat.Howeversoftdiffusedfrontallightingcanalsobequiteflatteringtosomesubjectsforthisveryreason-itcanhelpconcealwrinklesandblemishesandsoisquiteoftenusedinportraitandproductphotography.

Hardfrontallightinghasthatpaparazzilook:

harshandoftenunattractive.

Softfrontallightingsmoothsoverform.

Frontlightingcanmakeascenelookflatsinceitisn'

tgoodatrevealingformandtexture.

Sidelightingisverygoodforshowingformandtextureandlendsathree-dimensionalqualitytoobjects.Shadowsareprominentandcontrastcanbehighasaresult.Sidelightingcanbeusedtothrowdramaticshadowsontosurfacessuchaswallsandcreateatmosphere.Sidelightingisgenerallyattractiveandisoftenusedtogreateffect:

itisthekindoflightingencounteredatthebeginningandendofthedayandassuchisoftenseeninfilmsandphotographs.

Potentialdrawbacksofusingsidelightingarethatareasoftheimagecanbelostinshadow,anditcanrevealimperfectionssuchaswrinkles.Inportraitphotographyforinstanceitisgenerallyusedonmenratherthanwomenbecauseitcanlookquiteharsh,especiallyiftheshadowsaren'

tsoftedged.

Sidelightingcanbeusedtogreateffecttorevealformandtexture.

Thetextureofthiswallisrevealedbythelightoftheeveningsunrakingacrossit.

Thelongshadowscastacrossthisimagehelptogiveitasenseofdepthanddimension.

Backlightingiswheretheviewerislookingintothelightsource,andobjectswillhavetheirlitsidesfacingawayfromustoappeareitherassilhouettesordarklylitbythefilllight.Itisusuallyahighcontrastsituationandcanoftenlookveryatmosphericanddramatic.Ifthelightsourceisataslightanglerelativetoourpointofviewobjectswillhavearimoflightdefiningoneormoreoftheiredges,theharderthelightthemorepronouncedthisrimwillbe.

Backlitscenesusuallycontainalotofshadowunlessthelightsourceisverysoft.Mostofthetimetheimagewillbepredominantlydarkwithdramaticpoolsoflight.Therimlightingthatoccursinthissituationcanbeveryusefulfordefiningformsamongtheshadows.Anotherfeatureofthiskindoflightisthatitrevealstransparency,translucencyandanyfinedetailortexturealongrim-litedges.Thiskindoflightisveryeffectiveforlendingdramatoanimage.

Backlightingcanmakeeventhemostmundanesubjectslookappealing.

Itisalsoaveryeffectivewayofrevealingtranslucency.

Silhouettesareacommonfeatureofbacklitscenes.

Toplightingisaslightlymoreunusualsituation,althoughitiscommoninovercastdaylight.Itcanalsobeencounteredinsunshineatmidday,insomeinteriorsandinothersituationssuchasstagelighting.Insoftlightitisaneffectivewayofshowingform.Underhardlightitcanlendanairofmysterybycastingdramaticshadowswhichconcealmostoftheformsbeneaththem:

forinstancepeopledirectlyunderneathhardlightswillhaveblackholesforeyessincetheireyesocketswillbeintotalshadow.

Tomyknowledgetoplightingisrarelyusedbyartists,howeverthat'

snottosayitshouldn'

tbeused.Forovercastdaylightitisthemostrealisticset-up,withthewholeskyactingasalargediffusedlightsource.It'

salsoanunusuallightingsolutionformoreatmosphericsituationsandtheveryfactthatit'

snotoftenseencanbeusedtocreateanuncomfortablefeeling.

Softlightfromaboveisafeatureofovercastweather.

Lightingafigurefromstraightabovecangiveabroodyandmenacinglook.Itemphasisesbonestructureandthedepthoftheeyesockets.

Iflightingfromdirectlyaboveisrare,thendoingsofromdirectlybelowisevenmoreunusual.Inanaturalcontextthismighthappenifsomeoneisstandingoveracampfire,orholdingatorch.Reflectedlightcanalsocomefrombelow,fromwaterforinstance.Itwoulddefinitelylendastrangeappearancetoeventhemostfamiliarthingssincewhatisusuallyseeninlightandshadewouldbereversed（thinkofapersonshiningatorchontotheirfacefrombelow:

theshadowsappeartobeupsidedown）.

Again,theveryrarityofthiskindoflightingcanbeusedtocreativeeffect.Weinstinctivelyrecognisethingsthatdon'

tseemright,andthiscanbeusedtocreatespecificmoodsbymanipulatingthelightingtoconveyemotionsandresponses.

Lightingfrombelowisrarelyseen,butcanbeusedtocreateunusualimages.

Lightingafigurefrombelowcreatesaspookyandunfamiliarlook,eventhehighlightsintheeyeslookstrangebecauseoftheirplacement.Noticehowtheangleofthelightalsoemphasisesthetextureoftheskin.Compareittotheimageintheprevioussection:

itisthesameface,onlythepositionofthelighthasbeenmoved,yettheylookcompletelydifferentfromeachother.

Lightindoorshasaverydifferentcharactertothatfoundoutside,mostlydowntothelackofdirectsunlightfoundindoors.Withhumanbeingsincontrolofthelightsourcethereisanaddedtwistinthatthelightisoftendesignedforaspecificpurpose.Forinstancehouseholdlightsaredesignedtogiveoffappealing,generallydiffusedlightwhereasofficelightingismorefunctionalandcost-effectivenessisoftentheoverridingconcern-whichiswhyofficeworkershavetowalkaroundinagreenmurk.

Mostartificiallightsindoorsarediffused,that'

sthepurposeofthelampshade,inordertosoftenthelightandtheshadowsitproduces.Themajorexceptiontothisisspotlights,whichproducehardlighting.Howeverlightingdesignerswillgenerallyusemultiplespotlightssothatthereisn'

tjustonehardlightbutseveralwhichtogetherwillsoftenoneanother'

sshadows,yetstillcreateamultitudeofhighlights.

Sunlightindoorsisalmostalwaysdiffusedasitbouncesbetweenwalls,floorsandceilings.Directsunlightcangetinthroughwindowsandskylightsbutbecauseofthecomparativelysmallsizeofwindowsinrelationtowallsmuchofourhomesnevercomesunderthelightofthesunbeforeithasbeenreflectedbyonesurfaceoranother.

Windowlight

Windowlightishowwegenerallyseenaturallightindoors.Sincethewindowitselfistheeffectivelightsourcethismeansthatthelightisquitesoft（sinceawindowisalargesource）.Windowlightisattractiveandveryphotogenic.Ifthereisonlyonewindowthencontrastisrelativelyhighdespitethesoftlightsource,withmultiplewindowscontrastcanbelowersincetherewillbemorefilllight.

Thecolourofthelightisdependentonmanythings:

firstlytheweatherwillaffectthelightcomingthroughthewindow,ifitisovercasttheinitiallightwillbewhite,greyorblue.Insunnyconditionsitwillbeeitherblueskylightorwhite,yelloworredsunlight（dependingontimeofday）.Oncethelightcomesthroughthewindowitwillalsobeaffectedbythesurfacesthatitreflectsfromintheroom.Wall,floorandfurniturecolourswillallinfluencethelightasitbouncesaround.

Obviouslyallthesefactorsmeanthattoconvincinglyportraywindowlightyouwillneedtothinkverycarefullyaboutallthepossiblepermutationsandplanthestrength,colourandcontrastthoughtfully.Thesimplestset-upwouldbeanovercastdaywithwhitelightcomingintoawhiteroomfromonelargewindow,youcanthenplananypermutationsusingthissimplemodelasyourstartingpointandvaryitfromthere.

OneveryfamoustypeofwindowlightiscalledtheNorthLight,essentiallythelightprovidedbyanorth-facingwindow.Inthepastartistsdidn'

thavereliableartificiallighting,andsobyhavingastudiowithawindowthatfacednorthitwaspossibletohaveafairlyconstantandconsistentlightthroughouttheday.Thereasonofcoursebeingthatthesunisalwaysinthesouth（inthenorthernhemisphereatleast）,soonlydiffuselightfromtheskywouldshineinthroughthatwindow-softlightwithnostrongdirectionorshadows.ThemainqualitiesoftheNorthLightarethesameasanywindowlightwithoutdirectsunlight.Althoughnorth-facingroomsaredarkduetolackofsunlightthelightisquitepleasing.

Althoughthereisdirectsunlightcomingintothisroomitaffectsonlyarelativelysmallarea.Mostofthelightonthewallsandfurnitureiscomingfromareflectionofthissunlightorthediffuselightprovidedbythewindowitself.Noticetheredcolouronthefarwall,whichisprobablyareflectionfromthecurtains.Alsonotethehighcontrastthatthesunlightcreates,thehighlightareasareverybright.

Hereisanillustrationofhowsoftthelightfromawindowcanbe.Thephotowastakeninovercastweatherandthewindowisactinglikeagiantsoftboxforthisportrait.