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4.WhydidEnglishbecomemoreimportantafterBlackDeath?
----Thelaboringandmerchantclassesgrewineconomicandsocialimportanceafter
theBlackDeath,soEnglishalsogrewinimportancecomparedtoFrench.
1.WhoaretheBritishPeople?
----ThefirstknowninhabitantsinBritainwereCeltswhoaretheancestorsofthe
Welsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.ThencametheAnglos,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhobroughtwiththemtheEnglishlanguage.ManypeoplefromotherEuropeancountriescamelater,andinmoderntimestherearealotofimmigrantsfrommanyformerCommonwealthcountriesfromeverypartoftheworld.Britainisacountryofmixedcultures,andtheBritainpeoplearealsocomposedofpeoplefromdifferentethicandculturebackgrounds.
2.WhatisStandardEnglish?
----StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheastern
England.Itiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschools.Itispreferredbytheeducated,middle-classpeople.IthasdevelopedandhasbeenpromotedasamodelforcorrectBritainEnglish.Itisalsothenormcarriedoverseas.Today,StandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishistaughtandused.
1.WhatarethetwocomponentsoftheBritishParliament?
----theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords.
2.WhatweresomeofQueenVictoria'
smajorachievement?
----QueenVictoriamadetremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspect.Shepromotedfurtherindustrialrevolution,thebuildingofrailwaysandthegrowingoftradeandcommerce.Bytheendofherreign,Britainhaddevelopedtoanempireincludingaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'
slandmass.
3.WhatwerethetwocampsinEuropeinWorldWar1?
----TheCentralPowerswhichincludedGermany,Austria-Hungary,theOttoman
EmpireandBulgariaandtheAlliedPowerswhichweremainlycomprisedofFrance,theRussiaEmpire,theBritainEmpire,ItalyandtheUnitedStates.
4.WhydidBritaincooperatecloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWar2?
----Becausetheywerealliedduringthewarandsharedthesameworriesaboutthe
formerSovietUnion.
1.WhatweretheresultsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?
----TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedBritaininmanyways.First,industrialcountry
increaseddramatically.Britainbecamethemostadvancedindustrialcountryandalsothefinancialcenterintheworld.Second,urbanizationtookplace.Manynewcitiessprangup.Third,itcausedgreatchangesintheclassstructure.Theoldsocialclassesdeclined,andnewonesemergedanddeveloped.
2.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire?
----ColonizationofNewfoundland,thefirstBritishcolonyoverseas,in1583marked
thebeginningoftheBritishEmpire.By1837,BritishhadlongbeenanempirewhichincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'
slandmass.Duringthemid-19thcentury,theBritishgovernmentconsolidatedtheexistingcoloniesbybringingthemunderthedirectcontrolofthegovernment.BeforeWorldWar1,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempireintheworld.However,BritainsufferedgreatlosstoitsmanpowerinthetwoWorldWarsandexhausteditsreservesofgold,dollarsandoverseasinvestment.MostofBritain'
scoloniesgainedindependencesincethe1940s,whichinevitablyledtothefalltheEmpire.
1.WhatarethethreefunctionsoftheHouseofCommons?
----todraftlaws,toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactivitiesofthegovernment,
andtoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicy.
2.WhyistheConservativePartysometimescalledthe"
Right"
?
----BecausetheConservativePartyissupportedbylandownersandbusinessmen,
whoareoftenfromthemiddleandupper-middleclass.
3.WhatkindofpublicimagedoesLiberalDemocratshaveinBritain?
----TheLiberalDemocratsisperceivedas"
middle"
betweentheConservativeandthe
LaborParty.Itiscomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticinitsbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.ItemphasizestheneedforachangeinBritain'
sconstitutionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.
4.Whyareindependentcandidatesunlikelytowininthegeneralelection?
----Becauseeveniftheywereelected,theywouldbepowerlessinParliament.
Therefore,itisnotpossibleformanypeopletovoteforindependentcandidates.
1.WhatdoBritishelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveduringtheprocessofageneralelection?
----Theelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveadvertisinginnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigningandleaflets.Themainpartiesaregivenshortperiodsoftimeonnationaltelevisiontopresenttheirpoliciestothepublic.Apartfromtheparties'
ownpublicity,newspapersandTVprogramsspendalotoftimediscussingthecampaign,interviewingpoliticians,andpredictingtheresults.
2.WhatistheCommonwealthofNations?
----TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependent
sovereignstates,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthehead.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunionofanysort,anditsmemberstateshavefullautonomytomanagetheirinternalandexternalaffairs.Itisprimarilyanorganizationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteractionaftergainingindependence.ThemajoractivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthwithinitsmembers.
1.WhatwasthenegativeaspectofThatcher'
sreformintheearly1980s?
----Itsnegativeaspectwasarapidincreaseinunemployment.In1982,the
unemploymentratereachedtheleveloftheGreatDepressionyears,withthreemillionpeopleoutofwork.
2.WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritain'
sagriculture?
----British'
sagricultureischaracterizedbyasmallportionofthepopulationengaged
inagriculturalactivitieswithahighdegreeofmechanization.Althoughitemploysamere1%ofthecountry'
slaborforce,itmeetsaround60%ofthenationaldemands.3.WhathappenedtoBritain'
sbeefindustryinthemid-1990s?
sbeefindustrywashitbadlybyBSE,resultinginabanonbeefexportsin
1996.
4.WhataresomeofthepopulartouristattractioninBritain?
----ThepopulartouristattractionsinEnglishinclude:
theDorsetandtheEastDevon
Coast,theLakeDistrict,Stonehenge,WindsorCastle,universitytownsofOxfordandCambridge,TowerofLondon,St.Paul'
sCathedralandsoon.
1.WhatwerethemajorcausesofBritain'
srelativeeconomicdeclineinthepostwarperiod?
seconomyexperiencedarelativedeclineinthepostwarperiodforseveral
reasons.First,BritishsufferedagreatlossesinthetwoWorldWarsandhadgoneheavilyintodebttofinancethewar.Second,theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover.IndiaandotherBritishcolonies,whichprovidedrawmaterialandlargemarketforBritishgoods,gainedtheirindependence.Third,Britishwasforcedtomaintainanexpensivemilitarypresenceinmanyoverseaslocationsuntiltheendof1960s.Fourth,BritishhadtomakesubstantialfinancialcontributionstoNATOandUNSecurityCouncil.Finally,BritishfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWar2whereasitscompetitorslikeGermanyandJapancaughtupwithBritishbuyinvestinginthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction.
2.WhydodevelopednationslikeBritainencouragethedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry?
----Theserviceindustryhasplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleineconomyinthedevelopmentcountries.Ontheotherhand,itrequiresalargegroupofpeopleworkinginitsothatabundantemploymentopportunitiesareprovided.Ontheotherhand,theserviceindustrycauseslittlepollution.
1.WhatusedtobethemajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsandvocationalschoolsinBritain?
----Themajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsweretotrainthemostacademicallycapablestudentsandpreparethemforuniversity,whereasthemajorfunctionsofvocationalschoolsweretohelplesssuccessfulstudentstolearnatrade.
2.WhatkindofsubjectsdoBritaincomprehensiveschoolsprovide?
----Britishcomprehensiveschoolsprovideageneraleducation,offeringboth
academicsubjectslikeliteratureandscience,andpracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.
3.InwhatwaysdoBritainuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedom?
----Britishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedombecausetheycanappoint
theirownstaff,decidewhichstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.
4.HowdostudentsintheOpenUniversityreceivetheireducation?
----Thestudentsfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,
correspondence,video,andanetworkofstudycenters.
5.WhatroledoesthemediaplayinBritainleisureculture?
----ThemediaplaysanessentialroleinBritishleisureculturesinceithelpstoshape
thepublic'
sopinion,determinepeople'
smoralandpoliticalorientationandconsolidateorunderminetheruleofagovernme