China issues white paper on South China SeaWord格式.docx

China issues white paper on South China SeaWord格式.docx

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ChinaissueswhitepaperonSouthChinaSeaTheStateCouncilInformationOfficeofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonJuly13publishedawhitepapertitledChinaAdherestothePositionofSettlingThroughNegotiationtheRelevantDisputesBetweenChinaandthePhilippinesintheSouthChinaSea.Followingisthefulltextofthewhitepaper:

@#@ChinaAdherestothePositionofSettlingThroughNegotiationtheRelevantDisputesBetweenChinaandthePhilippinesintheSouthChinaSeaContentsIntroductionI.NanhaiZhudaoareChinasInherentTerritoryi.ChinassovereigntyoverNanhaiZhudaoisestablishedinthecourseofhistoryii.ChinahasalwaysbeenresoluteinupholdingitsterritorialsovereigntyandmaritimerightsandinterestsintheSouthChinaSeaiii.ChinassovereigntyoverNanhaiZhudaoiswidelyacknowledgedintheinternationalcommunityII.OriginoftheRelevantDisputesBetweenChinaandthePhilippinesintheSouthChinaSeai.ThePhilippinesinvasionandillegaloccupationcauseddisputeswithChinaoversomeislandsandreefsofNanshaQundaoii.ThePhilippinesillegalclaimhasnohistoricalorlegalbasisiii.ThedevelopmentoftheinternationallawoftheseagaverisetothedisputebetweenChinaandthePhilippinesovermaritimedelimitationIII.ChinaandthePhilippinesHaveReachedConsensusonSettlingTheirRelevantDisputesintheSouthChinaSeai.ItistheconsensusandcommitmentofChinaandthePhilippinestosettlethroughnegotiationtheirrelevantdisputesintheSouthChinaSeaii.ItistheconsensusofChinaandthePhilippinestoproperlymanagerelevantdisputesintheSouthChinaSeaIV.ThePhilippinesHasRepeatedlyTakenMovesthatComplicatetheRelevantDisputesi.ThePhilippinesattemptstoentrenchitsillegaloccupationofsomeislandsandreefsofChinasNanshaQundaoii.ThePhilippineshasincreasinglyintensifieditsinfringementofChinasmaritimerightsandinterestsiii.ThePhilippinesalsohasterritorialpretensionsonChinasHuangyanDaoiv.ThePhilippinesunilateralinitiationofarbitrationisanactofbadfaithV.ChinasPolicyontheSouthChinaSeaIssuei.OntheterritorialissuesconcerningNanshaQundaoii.OnmaritimedelimitationintheSouthChinaSeaiii.Onthewaysandmeansofdisputesettlementiv.OnmanagingdifferencesandengaginginpracticalmaritimecooperationintheSouthChinaSeav.OnfreedomandsafetyofnavigationintheSouthChinaSeavi.OnjointlyupholdingpeaceandstabilityintheSouthChinaSeaIntroduction1.SituatedtothesouthofChinasmainland,andconnectedbynarrowstraitsandwaterwayswiththePacificOceantotheeastandtheIndianOceantothewest,theSouthChinaSeaisasemi-closedseaextendingfromnortheasttosouthwest.ToitsnortharethemainlandandTaiwanDaoofChina,toitssouthKalimantanIslandandSumatraIsland,toitseastthePhilippineIslands,andtoitswesttheIndo-ChinaPeninsulaandtheMalayPeninsula.2.ChinasNanhaiZhudao（theSouthChinaSeaIslands）consistofDongshaQundao（theDongshaIslands）,XishaQundao（theXishaIslands）,ZhongshaQundao（theZhongshaIslands）andNanshaQundao（theNanshaIslands）.TheseIslandsinclude,amongothers,islands,reefs,shoalsandcaysofvariousnumbersandsizes.NanshaQundaoisthelargestintermsofboththenumberofislandsandreefsandthegeographicalarea.3.TheactivitiesoftheChinesepeopleintheSouthChinaSeadatebacktoover2,000yearsago.Chinaisthefirsttohavediscovered,named,andexploredandexploitedNanhaiZhudaoandrelevantwaters,andthefirsttohavecontinuously,peacefullyandeffectivelyexercisedsovereigntyandjurisdictionoverthem.ChinassovereigntyoverNanhaiZhudaoandrelevantrightsandinterestsintheSouthChinaSeahavebeenestablishedinthelongcourseofhistory,andaresolidlygroundedinhistoryandlaw.4.Asneighborsfacingeachotheracrossthesea,ChinaandthePhilippineshavecloselyengagedinexchanges,andthetwopeopleshaveenjoyedfriendshipovergenerations.Therehadbeennoterritorialormaritimedelimitationdisputesbetweenthetwostatesuntilthe1970swhenthePhilippinesstartedtoinvadeandillegallyoccupysomeislandsandreefsofChinasNanshaQundao,creatingaterritorialissuewithChinaovertheseislandsandreefs.Inaddition,withthedevelopmentoftheinternationallawofthesea,amaritimedelimitationdisputealsoarosebetweenthetwostatesregardingcertainmaritimeareasoftheSouthChinaSea.5.ChinaandthePhilippineshavenotyethadanynegotiationdesignedtosettletheirrelevantdisputesintheSouthChinaSea.However,thetwocountriesdidholdmultipleroundsofconsultationsonthepropermanagementofdisputesatseaandreachedconsensusonresolvingthroughnegotiationandconsultationtherelevantdisputes,whichhasbeenrepeatedlyreaffirmedinanumberofbilateraldocuments.Thetwocountrieshavealsomadesolemncommitmenttosettlingrelevantdisputesthroughnegotiationandconsultationinthe2002DeclarationontheConductofPartiesintheSouthChinaSea（DOC）thatChinaandtheASEANMemberStatesjointlysigned.6.InJanuary2013,thethengovernmentoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesturneditsbackontheabove-mentionedconsensusandcommitment,andunilaterallyinitiatedtheSouthChinaSeaarbitration.ThePhilippinesdeliberatelymischaracterizedandpackagedtheterritorialissuewhichisnotsubjecttotheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea（UNCLOS）andthemaritimedelimitationdisputewhichhasbeenexcludedfromtheUNCLOSdisputesettlementproceduresbyChinas2006optionalexceptionsdeclarationpursuanttoArticle298ofUNCLOS.ThisactisawantonabuseoftheUNCLOSdisputesettlementprocedures.Indoingso,thePhilippinesattemptstodenyChinasterritorialsovereigntyandmaritimerightsandinterestsintheSouthChinaSea.7.ThispaperaimstoclarifythefactsandtellthetruthbehindtherelevantdisputesbetweenChinaandthePhilippinesintheSouthChinaSea,andtoreaffirmChinasconsistentpositionandpolicyontheSouthChinaSeaissue,inordertogettotherootoftheissueandsettherecordstraight.I.NanhaiZhudaoareChinasInherentTerritoryi.ChinassovereigntyoverNanhaiZhudaoisestablishedinthecourseofhistory8.TheChinesepeoplehavesinceancienttimeslivedandengagedinproductionactivitiesonNanhaiZhudaoandinrelevantwaters.Chinaisthefirsttohavediscovered,named,andexploredandexploitedNanhaiZhudaoandrelevantwaters,andthefirsttohavecontinuously,peacefullyandeffectivelyexercisedsovereigntyandjurisdictionoverthem,thusestablishingsovereigntyoverNanhaiZhudaoandtherelevantrightsandinterestsintheSouthChinaSea.9.Asearlyasthe2ndcenturyBCEintheWesternHanDynasty,theChinesepeoplesailedintheSouthChinaSeaanddiscoveredNanhaiZhudaointhelongcourseofactivities.10.AlotofChinesehistoricalliteratureschronicletheactivitiesoftheChinesepeopleintheSouthChinaSea.Thesebooksinclude,amongothers,YiWuZhi（AnAccountofStrangeThings）publishedintheEasternHanDynasty（25-220）,FuNanZhuan（AnAccountofFuNan）duringtheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms（220-280）,MengLiangLu（RecordofaDaydreamer）andLingWaiDaiDa（NotesfortheLandbeyondthePasses）intheSongDynasty（960-1279）,DaoYiZhiLe（ABriefAccountoftheIslands）intheYuanDynasty（1271-1368）,DongXiYangKao（StudiesontheOceansEastandWest）andShunFengXiangSong（FairWindsforEscort）intheMingDynasty（1368-1644）andZhiNanZhengFa（CompassDirections）andHaiGuoWenJianLu（RecordsofThingsSeenandHeardabouttheCoastalRegions）intheQingDynasty（1644-1911）.ThesebooksalsorecordthegeographicallocationsandgeomorphologiccharacteristicsofNanhaiZhudaoaswellashydrographicalandmeteorologicalconditionsoftheSouthChinaSea.ThesebooksrecordvividlydescriptivenamestheChinesepeoplegavetoNanhaiZhudao,suchasZhanghaiqitou（twistedatollsontherisingsea）,Shanhuzhou（coralcays）,Jiuruluozhou（nineislesofcowry）,Shitang（rockyreefs）,Qianlishitang（thousand-lirockyreefs）,Wanlishitang（tenthousand-lirockyreefs）,Changsha（longsandcays）,Qianlichangsha（thousand-lisandcays）,andWanlichangsha（tenthousand-lisandcays）.11.TheChinesefishermenhavedevelopedarelativelyfixednamingsystemforthevariouscomponentsofNanhaiZhudaointhelongprocessofexplorationandexploitationoftheSouthChinaSea.Underthissystem,islandsandshoalshavebecomeknownasZhi;@#@reefsChan,Xian,orSha;@#@atollsKuang,QuanorTang;@#@andbanksShapai.GengLuBu（ManualofSeaRoutes）,akindofnavigationguidebookforChinesefishermensjourneysbetweenthecoastalregionsofChinasmainlandandNanhaiZhudao,cameintobeingandcirculationintheMingandQingDynasties,andhasbeenhandeddowninvariouseditionsandversionsofhandwrittencopiesandisstillinuseeventoday.ItshowsthattheChinesepeoplelivedandcarriedoutproductionactivitieson,andhowtheynamedNanhaiZhudao.GengLuBurecordsnamesforatleast70islands,reefs,shoalsandcaysofNanshaQundao.SomewerenamedaftercompassdirectionsinChineserenditions,suchasChouwei（ZhubiJiao）andDongtouYixin（PengboAnsha）;@#@somewerenamedafterlocalaquaticproductsinthesurroundingwaterssuchasChiguaXian（ChiguaJiao,chiguameansredseacucumber）andMoguaXian（NanpingJiao,moguameansblackseacucumber）;@#@somewerenamedaftertheirshapes,suchasNiaochuan（XianeJiao,niaochuanmeansbirdstring）andShuangdan（XinyiJiao,shuangdanmeansshoulderpoles）;@#@somewerenamedafterphysicalobjects,suchasGuogaiZhi（AnboShazhou,guogaimeanspotcover）andChenggouZhi（JinghongDao,chenggoumeanssteelyardhook）;@#@stillsomewerenamedafterwaterwayssuchasLiumenSha（LiumenJiao,liumenmeanssixdoorways）.12.SomeofthenamesgivenbytheChinesepeopletoNanhai