英美文学选读各章重点文档格式.docx

英美文学选读各章重点文档格式.docx

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theEnglishHomer,thefatherofEnglishpoetry（from<

TheCanterburyTales>

）,

2verse:

<

firstuse'

heroiccouplet'

realisticpictureofhistime,vividcharactersfromallworksofhislife,thecharactersarebothtypicalandindividual,hisideasistopursueearthlyhappiness,opposedasceticism禁欲主义,advocatehumanism,replacealliterativeversewithrhymedstanzas（古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵）

TheLegendofGoodWomen>

firstuserhymed'

TheRomauntoftheRose>

octosyllabic八音节诗

3.novel:

TroilusandCriseyde>

thefirstmodernnovel.

IIIRenaissance（14th—17th）

①movefromfeudalistideastotheinterestofrisingbourgeoisie.

②recoverfromcorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurchtothepurityoftheearthlychurch.

England:

thereignofHenryVIII-----England‘sGoldenAgeinliterature

-----BiblesinEnglishinsteadofLatinreadableforcommonpeople

--------literarygiants:

Shakespeare,Spenser,JonsonSidney,Marlowe,Bacon,andDonne

ThetimeofTudos----changemonasteries修道院intoschoolsanduniversities------theEnglishRenaissanceflourishing

-------firstintroducedprintingintoEnglandandtranslatedbooksinEnglish（byWilliamCaxton）

Traitsofhumanisticpoetry:

meter,rhyme,scheme,imageryandargumentshouldbecombinedtoframetheemotionaltheme.Poetrywastobeaconcentratedexerciseofthemind,ifcraftsmanshipandoflearning.

Themostfamousdramatists:

Shakesperar,BenJonson,andMarlowe

Writers:

Wyatt（introducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland）

Surrey（broughtinblankverse）

Sidney（broughtinsestinaandterzarima）

Marlowe（broughtmightylinestotheblankverse）

Spenser（pastoralconvention）

JohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert（metaphysicalpoets）

FrancisBacon（thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,thefounderofmodernscienceinEngland）

IEdmundSpensor

Fame:

SpenserianStanza，thepoet’spoet（他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”）

选读<

TheFaerieQueene>

（Poem）

contains12books,speaksof12virtuesoftheprivategentleman,eachofwhichtellsaknight.Arthur—theherosofheros---playsaroleineachofthe12majoradventures,serveasaunifyingelement.Thethemeis‘FierceWaresandfaithfulloves’.

TheknightheresymbolizedtheChurch（Anglican）,istheprotectorofUna（theVirgin）.Unastandsforthetruereligion.

QualitiesofSpensor’spoetry:

1.aperfectmelody（musicsense）2.araresenseofbeauty3.asplendidimagination4.aloftymoralpurityandseriousness.5.adedicatedidealism

II.ChristopherMarlowe

beregardedas‘UniversityWits’.Perfectedtheblankverse,broughtstrongemotionintotheblankverse.HecreatedtheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition.（buthisverseisnotstrongindramaticconstructionandwomen‘scharactersareratherpale）

Plays:

Tamburlaine>

（thenameofanambitiousancientemperor.Herosefromashepherdtoanoverpoweringkingthroughhisowneffort.Bydepictingsuchagreatking,MarlowvoicedthedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthority.）

Dr.Faustus>

（Faustusislongingforknowledgeandfinallysellshissoulstotheevil.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness）

<

TheJewofMalta>

EdwardII>

Poetry:

thePassionateShepherdtoHisLove>

（Itdeprivesfromthepastoraltradition,inwhichtheshepherdenjoysanidealcountrylife,cherishingapureaffectionforhislove.）

HeroandLeander>

III.WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）

Background:

frommerchant’sfamily.父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。

他的戏剧分早期、中期，中晚期和晚期。

（I，II，III，IV）.他的作品很多，影响很大。

T:

I．Fivehistoryplaysandfourcomedies.

历史剧‘HenryVI,PartsI,II’（Itrevealsatroubledreigninthe15thcentury,ShakespearesmountedoverthelossofEnglishterritoriesinFrance.HecondemnstheWaroftheRoses,inwhichinnocentpeoplewerekilled）

II．Fivehistoryplays,sixcomediesandtwotragedies

喜剧：

TheMerchantofVenice>

（anoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,praisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroine.,andShylockasanevilfigure）

AMidsummerNight’sDream>

TwelfthNight>

TheMerryWivesofWindsor>

MuchAdoAboutNothing>

asYoulikeit>

）

悲剧：

RomeoandJuliet>

（eulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandspiritofpursuinghappiness,thoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit）,<

JuliusCaesar>

III．Hisgreatestfourtragedies（eachofthecharacters’sfatesiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachofthemhashisweaknessofnature.）<

Hamlet>

KingLear>

Othello>

Macbeth>

（thefirstofthegreatesttragedies,mostpopularplayonthestage.Ithasthequalitiesofa‘blood–and–thunder’thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.Hamletisamelancholic优柔寡断prince,whoistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofrevenger.Shakespearescondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt）

（theoldKingLearsuffersformtreachery背叛andinfidelity不忠）

（Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce）

（Macbeth‘slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoendlesscrimes.）

twodarkcomedies（<

All’sWellThatEndsWell>

MeasureforMeasure>

IV．Romantictragicomedies:

TheTempest>

（thebestofhisfinalromances,itisatypicalexampleofShakespeare‘spessimisticviewtowardhumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.Hewishestosolvetheconflictbydreamsandsupernaturalpower）.

TheWinters’Tale>

<

Pericles>

<

Cymbeline>

Twofinalplays:

HenryVIII,TheTwoNobleKinsmen.

Poems

longnarrativepoems:

VenusandAdonis>

<

TheRapeofLucrece>

.

Sequenceof154sonnets:

选读<

Sonnet18>

（Shakeshasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetryinpoetrycanlastforever.艺术的美常存）

艺术特征

人物塑造

1．Heemployssoliloquies独白inhisplaystofullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.

2.Heportrayshischaractersinpairs

3.Hischaractersareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.

情节结构

1．Headoptedplotsfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks

2．Inordertomaketheplaymorelively,hewouldshortenthetimeandintensifythestory.

3．Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay（,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspenseandapprehension）

语言风格

1.irony2.Disguise3.vocabulary（Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabularyandidiom,hiscoinageofnewwordsanddistortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.）

Conscience（顾虑）doesmakescowardsofusall.（心有顾虑使人畏手畏脚，优柔寡断----Hamlet）

IV.FrancisBacon（1561--1626）

Aprose,laysthefoundationformodernscience.

Hisworkscanbedividedintothreegroups

1.<

Theadvancementoflearning>

isagreattract短论oneducation.HEseparatestheologyfromscientificobservationsandexperiments.Man’sunderstandingconsistedofthreeparts:

historytoman’smemory;

poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation;

philosophytoman’sreason.

2.<

NovumOrganum>

论说文isasuccessfultreatise（writteninLatin）onmethodology,theuseofinductive归纳法inscientificresearchinplaceofthedeductivereasoning演绎法

3选读<

Essays>

----morethanhalfofthefifty-eightessaysareaboutpubliclifeorpublicduty/Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity简洁,compactness紧凑andpowerfulness/Thesentencesarecharged充满感情的andcrowdedwithsymmetries.

“Thegeneralcounsels,theplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned”---<

ofstudies>

通盘考虑及事务的安排，做得最好的是那些博学的人。

V．JohnDonne（1572—1631）

Life:

“Metaphysicalschool”,Herbert,Vaughan,Crashaw,MarvellandCowleyarealsoconsideredtobemetaphysicalpoets.商人之家，想当牧师，牛津剑桥大学肆业生，十年地下婚姻使他穷困潦倒，但是他对妻子很忠诚。

。

天主教改信英国国教，当牧师尽职尽力，洞察力深邃。

早期写爱情诗，晚期写宗教诗。

他认为爱的本质是身体和灵魂的结合。

Works:

选读Lovepoems<

TheSunRising>

（1.Donneappliesconceits,hecombineseasyconceitswiththedifficultones2.Donnet’sinterestliesindramatizingandillustratingthestateofbeinginlove.3.Hislanguageisbrief,simple.Theargumentiscontinuousthroughoutthepoem.）

Religiouspoems:

Sermons（散文形式的传道书）

Death,beNotproud>

isfrom<

HolySonnets>

表达诗人无畏死亡的气概。

VIJohnMilton

Life:

商人后代，剑桥大学，有过旅欧经历，喜欢史诗，后来眼睛瞎了。

thegreatestprosewriterofhisage.

ParadiseLost>

isthegreatestepicinEnglishliteraturesince<

Beowulf>

早期诗歌：

Lycidas>

elegies,forhisbestfriendEdwardKing,whodiedofdrown.

Thepoembeginswithgriefandafeelingofimmaturity.Theemotionmovesfromsadnesstoacceptanceintheend.

中期散文：

Areopagitica>

pleaforfreedomofpress-------smoothandcarms

晚期史诗：

alongepicdividedinto12books.ThestoryistakenfromtheBible..SatanandotherangelsrebelagainstGod.SatansucceedsinseduceEvetoeattheappleformthetreeofknowledge.Asaresult,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.Inthefallofman,Adamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.

ParadiseRegained>

showshowmankindwithst