高三英语语法总结.docx
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高三英语语法总结
高三语法总结
Grammar
(1)冠词
1.不定冠词:
泛指,第一次出现…a,an
Ahouseinthecityisoftenmoremodernthanoneinthecountry.
---Haveyouseenablackcat?
---Isitanoldone?
Weliveinaworld,aworldfullofmiracles.
固定用法:
adayortwo,aMr.Lu,asamatteroffact,keepaneyeon,
allofasudden,asarule,inahurry...
2.定冠词:
特指the
第二次出现的或上文提到的
---Thereisanoldmanoverthere.
---Who’stheman?
Ihadabeautifulwallet,butthewalletwasstolenlastnight.
说话双方都知道的Shegoestothetheatre/thecinemaeveryweek.
序数词、最高级(比较级:
二者之间比较…)
Doyouknowwhoisthetallerbetweenthetwobrothers?
Heisthefirsttocometoschooleveryday.
区别thesecond(序数),asecond(重复,又一,再一);
amost…(非常)/themost…(最…)
TheTVsetsinthatshoparethemostexpensiveinthiscity.
Asweallknow,Dalianisamostbeautifulcity.
世界独一无二的
thesun,themoon,theuniverse,…(apalemoon,arising/burningsun)
河流、海洋、山脉等
theTaiWanStraits,theChangjiangRiver,thePacificOcean,theHimalays
theTaiLaketheTaiMountain(MountTai)
theAntartic(Arctic/Indian/Pacific)
各类发明前ThetelephoneisconsideredtohavebeeninventedbyBell.
乐器前playtheviolin/piano(playerhu)
由普通名词构成的专有名词前(国家、组织、报纸…)
theUnitedStates,theWTO,theworkingclass,theChinesepeople
与单数名词、形容词、分词连用,表一类人、一类事
Therichusuallylookdownuponthepoor.
Thebestistocomefinally.
用在逢十的复数数词前,指世纪的某个年代
inthe1990’s/1990s
固定用法:
inthedistance,attheageof,onthewhole,bytheway…
3.零冠词:
名词表类别、属性时
Bicyclesarestillveryusefulnowadays.
称呼、头衔、独一无二的职位前(作同位语、补语、表语)
HewaselectedmonitorofClassOne.
学科、球类运动、游戏、三餐(adelicioussupper,thelunchIhadyesterday)、年份、月份、星期、季节、节日(theSpringFestivals)前
表并列的名词前dayandnight,fromwesttoeast,handinhand,
shouldertoshoulder,sidebyside,arminarm
专有名词前BeijingAirport,Tian’anmenSquare,FudanUniversity
个体名词表深层含义school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court
不可数名词表示泛指Ilikelisteningtomusic.
Thewarmthofthesweaterisdecidedbythekindof_/_woolthatisused.
两个密切相关的名词连用时
FatherandsonwenttoBeijinginamorningtrain.
⑨固定用法
onfoot,atnoon,insurprise,afterschool,onholiday(intheholidays),onbusiness
outofquestion没问题,毫无疑问gotosea出海,当水手byday在白天
outofthequestion不可能gotothesea去海边bytheday按日计算
attable/atthetablehavewordswith/haveawordwithinfrontof/inthefrontof
inchargeof/inthechargeofonearth/ontheearth
Grammar
(2)名词
1、可数名词的复数变化:
规则,不规则
passers-by,lookers-on,grown-ups(adults)
2、不可数名词(常用的)news,furniture,bread,information,luggage,clothing,fun,advice,progress,courage,equipment,poverty,butter,weather,traffic,unemployment……
It’sgreatfuntoplaychessafterschool.
3、名词作定语一般用单数,但:
①sportsmeeting,studentsreading-room
talkstable,theforeignlanguagesdepartment
②menworkers,womenteachers,gentlemenofficials
③goodstrain货车,armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件,clothesbrush衣刷
④aten-milewalk(tenmiles’walk),afive-yearplan但:
two(-)thirds
4、名词所有格:
有生命的东西一般用’s,theboy’sdeskTeachers’DayWomen’sDay
②无生命的东西的所有格,一般与of构成词组,表示所有关系
thepriceofthedictionary
③如果一样东西为几个共有,则在最后一个名词后加’s,如果不是共有,则在每一个名词后都加’s
LucyandLily’smother,Jim’sandTom’sdesks
④有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等无生命的东西,也可以加’s构成所有格
today’snewspaper,tenminutes’walk,yesterday’shomework
⑤表示商铺、处所或某人的家Atthedoctor’s,atthetailor’s,atmyuncle’s
⑥表示年代inthe(19)90’s
复合名词her-sons-inlaw’sphotos
双重所有格:
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(a,two,some,afew,this等)时,常用of+所有格
afriendofmyfather’s,
5、名词词义的辨析(学会构建知识网络)
▲explanation(解释),instruction/direction(指导,说明),
introduction(介绍),description(描写)
▲thewayofdoing/todosth.inthisway
themethodof/fordoingsthwiththismethod
themeansofdoingsth.bythismeans/byallmeans/bymeansof/bynomeans
theapproachtodoingsth.inthismanner(用这种方式)
Idon’tliketheway//that/inwhichhespeaks.
Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.
theteachingmethod(系统性)Bynomeanscanyousolvetheproblem.放在句首用倒装
Grammar(3)主谓一致
1、表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,谓语动词用单数:
Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise
2、不定代词manya…,each,every,no等修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓:
单Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinthefuture.
3、不定式、动名词,从句作主语时谓:
单
Whatheneedsispatience.Tobeateacherismygreatwish.
但Whatheneedsaremorebooks.
4、定语从句的主谓一致
Jennyisoneofthegirlswhowerelateforthemeeting.
Jennyisthe(only)oneofthegirlswhowaslateforthemeeting.
5、由and连接的两个名词作主语时用复,但:
①Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.
②Aknifeandfolkisonthetable.
③Togotobedearlyandtogetupearlyisagoodhabit.(一件事情的两个方面)
6、有些以s结尾的名词作主语时,根据意思来决定谓语动词的单复数:
①表示学科名称的名词→单数politics,maths,physics等
②国家或团体名称→单数theUnitedStates
③theOlympicGames→复
④单复数同形的名词,如sheep,deer,means,works,species,headquaters等,但
achemicalworks(一家化工厂)
Luxun’sworks(鲁迅的作品pl.)
7、集体名词作主语时
①earnings,belongings,remains,sales,goods,clothes,cattle,police,people等复
②clothing,equipment,furniture等单
③family,class,public,population,team,enemy等成员(复),整体(单)
④clothing/clothesadvertising/advertisementjewellery/jewelpoetry/poem
(前为抽象,不可数;后为具体,可数)
8、twothirdsof/70%of…
all,most,half,therestof+名(单/复)→谓(单/复)
9、alargequantity(amount)of…由quantity(amount)的形式决定谓语动词的→(单/复
largequantitiesofLargequantitiesoffood(books)areonthetable.
10、中心名词(主语)
Thiskindofbooksisofvalue.
Booksofthiskindareofvalue.
11、morethanone/manya+(谓:
单)
Manyastudenthasreadthebook.
12、就近原则:
or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…,therebe…whether…or…
Oneortwoboysarehelpingdosomecleaningintheclassroom.
Eitheryouorheisgoingabroadnextweek.
Areeitheryouorhegoingabroadnextweek?
13、就前原则:
like,aswellas/with/alongwith/togetherwith,except/but,ratherthan,including/besides/inadditionto
14、the+adj/P.P一般看作一类人(pl.)具体的或表示物(单)
Thepoorarelivingahardlife.Thebestistocome.
Thewoundedisoneofmyfriends.
15.由each,some,any,every,something,anything,nothing构成的主语,谓(单),
all(人)复,(物)单
Allarehereandallisready.Let’sbegin.
16、boots,glasses,shoes,trousers,scissors,gloves由apairof,thispairof修饰(单),无则用(复)
17.anumberof(复名)复,thenumberof(复名)单
Grammar(4)反意疑问句
1、前否后肯的反意疑问句的回答看事实:
----Theplayisneverputonhere,isit?
----Yes,itis.Itwasputonhereonlythreeweeksago.
2、Iamastudent,aren’tI?
3、Iwishtogothereatonce,mayI?
4、陈述部分的主语是从句,不定式,动名词或this,that,it时,问句的主语通常用it.
It’sthethirdtimethatI’vecomehere,isn’tit?
Whathesaidisveryimportant,isn’tit?
Thisisacat,isn’tit?
5.I/Wethink/believe/amsure/guess/imagine/amafraid…
Weimagine/Iamafraidthatheisdishonest,isn’the?
Shedoesn’tthinkyouareright,doesshe?
6.前缀un-,im-,dis-或后缀less等
HedislikesEnglish,doesn’the?
Heiscareless,isn’the?
但否定词如never,little,few,hardly等,Heseldomgoestothefilm,doeshe?
7、情态动词表示猜测的反意疑(还原)
Itmusthaverainedlastnight,___________?
Hemusthavebeensenttohospitalyesterday,_________?
YoumusthavebeentotheShanghai,____________?
Jackcan’thavepassedtheexamlastweekbecausehedidn’tworkhard,___?
Hemusthavefinishedthatprojectbytheendoflastweek,__________?
8、Imustdomyhomeworkatonce,needn’tI?
(需要)
Youmustn’ttouchtheequipment,mustyou?
(禁止)
They/Wemustn’tusemobilesintheschool,maythey/we?
----YoumustdoasItellyou.
----Oh,Imust,mustI?
(感情色彩,同向)
9、hadbetter,hadn’t….?
wouldrather/wouldliketo……,wouldn’t….?
10.祈使句,一般都用willyou?
Don’tbecarelessagain,willyou?
Jack,youopenthedoor,willyou?
Letustakeawalk,willyou?
Let’stakeawalk,shallwe?
Haveacoffee,won’tyou?
(邀请)
11、感叹句:
(还原)
Whataninterestingfilm,isn’tit?
Howcarefullyshewrites,doesn’tshe?
12、those,these,everybody,nobody,noone,someone,anyone(一般用they)
13、Heoughttoknowwhenthemeetingbegins,shouldn’t/oughtn’the?
14、Heusedtosmokealot,didn’the?
/use(d)n’the?
15、另外一些句型的反意疑问句:
①Hehasbeenreading,buthedidn’treadlastnight,didhe?
(就近/中文意思)
②Onecanbeone’smaster,can’tone?
③ThisbookisneitherinChinesenorinEnglish,isit?
④Noneofhisfriendsisinterested,ishe?
Noneofhisfriendsareinterested,arethey?
⑤YouandIdrewthepainting,didn’twe?
⑥Theloveandcareshegetsfromherhusbandisintense,isn’tit?
⑦Soyouaregettingmarried,areyou?
(同向)
Soyoudon’tlikeEnglish,don’tyou?
Grammar(5)非谓语动词todo/doing/done
1、动词不定式:
①作主语
Tobeateacherismywish.(表示目的或具体要去做的)
It’simportantforustolearnEnglishwell.
It’scruel/right/wrong/kind/niceofyoutodoso.
②作表语
Mywishistobecomeateacher.(表示目的或具体要去做的)
③作宾语
decide/refusetodo…
Wefinditinterestingtoworkwithhim.
④作宾补
hear,listento,lookat,see…sbdosth
want,tell,ask…sbtodosth
Thelittlegirlcoulddonothingbutcry.
Thelittlegirlhadnochoicebuttocry.
⑤作定语
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
Hehadnoplaceandnoroomtolive.
Doyouhaveanythingtobesent?
Ihavealettertowrite.
I’llgotoBejingtomorrow.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourson?
⑥作状语:
Theystartedoffearlytocatchtheearlybus.
⑦两个不定式连用时,常用一个to,其余则省去,如果是比较结构,to一般不省
It’sbettertogiveahandthantostandbyandlaugh.
2、动名词:
作主语:
Seeingisbelieving.(习惯性、经常性的动作)
Hisleavinghomewithoutsayingawordworriedus.
Jack’sbeingleftathomealoneworriedhisparents.
It’snouse/gooddoingsth.
IsitanyuselearningEnglishwell?
WhatuseisitlearningEnglishwell?
作表语Myjobi