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print园林专业英语成书1

园林专业英语

1.Landscapeplanning（景观规划）……………………………………2

2.Landscapescenery（自然风景）…………………………………….5

3.NationalParks（国家公园）…………………………………………8

4.Cityplanning（城市规划）………………………………………..12

5.Newtownsandplannedcommunities（新镇和规划社区）……….15

6.Metropolitanopenspaces（城市开放空间）………………………17

7.Urbanparks（城市公园）………………………………………….21

8.Streetscapes,squaresandplazas（街景和广场）…………………..24

9.Gardens（庭院）…...........................................................................27

10.Housingenvironments（居住环境）……......................................31

11.Waterfronts（滨水）…….................................................................34

目录（完整版）

1.Landscapeplanning（景观规划）

2.Landscapescenery（自然风景）

3.Nationalforests（国家森林）

4.NationalParks（国家公园）

5.Historiclandscapes（历史名胜）

6.Restorednaturallandscape（自然景观的保护）

7.Stateparks（州立公园）

8.Cityplanning（城市规划）

9.Newtownsandplannedcommunities（新镇和规划社区）

10.Metropolitanopenspaces（城市开放空间）

11.Urbanparks（城市公园）

12.Streetscapes,squaresandplazas（街景和广场）

13.Waterfronts（滨水）

14.Parkways（景观道路）

15.Recreationalareas（娱乐区）

16.Gardens（庭院）

17.Housingenvironments（居住环境）

18.Institutionandcorporatelandscapes（企事业园区）

1.Landscapeplanning

JuliusGYFabos

TheentireAmericanpopulationdependsdailyonournationallandscapeforwork,forfoodandindustrialproductionandrecreation.MorethanthreemillionacresoflandareconvertedfromruraltourbanuseintheUnitedStateseachyear.Webuildaboutoneandahalfmillionhomesandvariouscommercial,industrial,institutionalandrecreationalfacilitiesannually.Wedisposeofmillionsoftonsofwasteintotheairwaterandsoilandcrisscrossthecountrywithroads,railroads,transmissionlinesandpipelines.Withalltheseactivitiesweasanationdeeplyaffectthequalityandvalueoftheenvironmentweoccupy.

Therichbountiesofthiscountryaswellasitsvariedandamplelandscapecanprovideuswithasoundandbeautifulenvironment-butonlyifweextensivelyapplylandscapeplanningprinciples.Landscapeplanningtakesplaceinmanyways.Currently,themostwidelyusedapplicationoccurswithintherealmofprojectsiteplanning.Increasingly,moredevelopersaroundthecountryareemployingtheservicesoflandscapearchitectsinsuchendeavors.Theresultsaremoreattractive,aremoreenvironmentallysuitableandmakemoreeconomicsensethanthosewithoutsuchplanningexpertise.

FrederickLawOlmsted,thefatherofAmericanlandscapearchitecture,wasabsorbedinallaspectsoflandscapeplanning.Hewasmostinstrumentalininitiatingthesuccessfulnationalparkmovement.Heplannedthefirstmodelcommunity,preservingtheriverfrontforpublicopenspaceinRiverside,Ⅲ.（1868-70）.HealsolinkedthreecommunitiesinBostonbytransformingtheMuddyRiverintoaspectacularlinearparkinthe1880s.HispupilsCharlesEliotandEliot’snephew,CharlesEliotⅡ,expandedOlmsted’svisionintoastatewideopenspaceplanforMassachusetts.Thisvisionaryconceptisstillbeingimplemented.

AfterWorldWarⅡtheOlmstediantraditionwascontinuedateverylevel.IanMcHargemergedasthemostimportantvoiceoflandscapeplanningduringthe1960s.hisseminalbook,DesignwithNature（1969）,establishedcontemporaryprinciplesoflandscapeplanningrangingfromshapingdevelopmentinresponsetonaturalvaluestopreservingcriticallandscaperesources.AnotherleaderoflandscapeplanningatthistimewasPhilipH.Lewis,Jr.,whoinitiatedacreativestatewiderecreationplaninWisconsinthatestablishedenvironmentalcorridorsthroughoutthestate.Theenvironmentalmovementprovidedlandscapeplannerswithmanyopportunitiesduringtheturbulentdecadeofthe1960s.Theywerecalledontomakecriticallandusedecisionsandassessthevisualandculturalfeaturesoflargeregions.Theydevelopedsophisticatedprocedurestoassessdiverselandscapequalities.Andthey

helpeddeterminetheamountandtypeofdevelopmentforurbanizingregions.

Sincethe1970slandscapeplannershaveworkedincreasinglywithscientiststoobtainrelevantfindingsabouttheimpactofhumansonthelandscape.Thus,planninghasbecomeevenmorecomplex.Landscapeplanningresearchgroupshavesprunguptodevelopprocedurescapableofsynthesizingscientificknowledgetoprovideafoundationformoreintelligentlandusedecisions.

Currentlandscapeplanningisrespondingtotheever-increasingamountofnewscientificinformationandhasturnedtocomputersforhelp.JackDangermond,throughhisfirm,ESRI,thecurrentleaderinthistrendtowardcomputerization,hasdevelopedthemostadvancedgeographicinformationsystemstodealwiththemyriadofspatialdatanowessentialfordetermininglandusepoliciesatalllevels.Otherleadinglandscapeplanners,includingLauraMuessigandAllenRobinette,areusingtheseproceduresinforecastingandmanaginglandusechangesinthestateofMinnesota.Currentresearchhasalsobeenexploringtheutilityofcomputertechnologyforlandscapeplanningatthecommunitylevel.Wewillsoonseetheseemergingproceduresusedinmanytypesofsiteplanning.

Landscapeplanninghasabrightandchallengingfuture.Planningthelandscapehasbecomethemostsignificantofalllanduseobjectives.Intheinformationage,landscapeplanningcanhelpususeourresourcesmoreintelligentlythanweeverhavebefore.

词汇

recreation

n.消遣,娱乐

rural

adj.乡下的,田园的,乡村风味的,生活在农村的

urban

adj.城市的,市内的

city

n.城市,都市,全体居民,城邦

home

n.家,住宅,家乡,本国,产地,避难所

dispose

v.处理,除去，处置,部署

crisscross

n.十字形adj.十字形的adv.十字形地vi.交叉往来vt.画十字形于

country

n.国家,国土,[总称]国民,乡村,故乡adj.乡下的,乡村的,

transmission

n.播送,发射,传动,传送,传输,转播

rich

adj.富的,有钱的,富有的,富饶的,肥沃的,充足的,丰富的

bounty

n.慷慨,宽大,施舍,奖励金

sound

adj.健全的,可靠的,合理的,有效彻底的,健康的

endeavor

n.努力,尽力vi.尽力,努力

expertise

n.专家的意见,专门技术

absorbed

adj.全神贯注的,一心一意的

Ill.

Illinois美国伊里诺斯州名

community

n.公社,团体,社会,（政治）共同体,共有,一致,共同体,（生物）群落

transform

vt.转换,改变,改造,使...变形vi.改变,转化,变换

spectacular

adj.引人入胜的,壮观的

linear

adj.线的,直线的,线性的

vision

n.视力,视觉,先见之明,眼力,想象力,幻想,幻影,景象

vt.梦见,想象,显示

visionary

adj.幻影的,幻想的,梦想的n.空想家,梦想者,好幻想的人

implement

n.工具,器具vt.贯彻,实现v.执行

seminal

adj.种子的,生殖的,（喻）启发性的，能够引发的

contemporary

adj.当代的,同时代的

inresponseto

响应,适应

critical

adj.评论的,鉴定的,批评的,危急的,临界的

initiate

vt.开始,发动,传授v.开始,发起

throughout

prep.遍及,贯穿adv.到处,始终,全部

opportunity

n.机会,时机

turbulent

adj.狂暴的,吵闹的

decade

n.十年,十

callon

v.号召,呼吁,邀请,访问,指派,要（学生）回答问题

assess

vt.估定,评定

sophisticated

adj.诡辩的,久经世故的,复杂的

sophisticate

n.久经世故的人,老油条,精于...之道的人vt.篡改,曲解,使变得世故,掺合,弄vi.诡辩

procedure

n.程序,手续

diverse

adj.不同的,变化多的

urbanize

vt.使城市化,使文雅

relevant

adj.有关的,相应的

finding

n.发现,发现物,决定,[律]裁决

respond

v.回答,响应,作出反应vi.有反应

computerization

n.计算机的使用，计算机化

geographic

adj.地理学的,地理的

myriad

n.无数,无数的人或物adj.无数的,种种的

spatial

adj.空间的

significant

adj.有意义的,重大的,重要的

2.Landscapescenery

WayneG.Tlusty

Landscapesceneryhasbecomeahighlyvaluedresource.Forwelloveracentury,majorchangesinattitudestowardsceniclandscapehavegenerallyparalleledthedevelopmentoflandscapearchitectureasaprofession.Recognizingtheinnatequalitiesofpastoralbeauty,AndrewJacksonDowninginfluencedAmericansensitivitytolandscapeappreciation.Hislandscapesillustratedhowgardenscouldbelinkedvisuallytothecountryside.Downingalsowasanearlyadvocateforbringingnaturalbeautytourbanareasthroughpublicparks.FrederickLawOlmstedandCalvertVauxdesignedmostofCentralParkasidealizednaturalscenery,emulatingthebestexamplesofmeadows,forests,hills,lakesandstreams.TheirapproachtocreatingparkswaswidelyfollowedthroughoutAmericaandfosteredanewawarenessoflandscapescenery.

Duringthemid-19thcentury,writers,paintersandnaturalistsbegandiscoveringandfocusingonspectacularAmericanlandscapesintheHudsonRiverValleyandtheWest.TheirworkintheWestledtofederalrecognitionoftheneedtopreservenaturalsceneryforallcitizens.In1865FrederickLawOlmsteddevelopedamanagementphilosophyforYosemite,addressingbothpreservationandpublicuseintheworld’sfirstsceniclandscapereservedforpublicenjoyment.Olmsted’sphilosophyforthepreserveservedasamodelforourpresentnationalparksystem,.

Broadeningtheconceptfrompublictoprivatelands,landscapearchitectFrankWaughsoughtrecognitionalsoforscenicbeautyinthecountryside,advocatingthatallcitizenshadaninalienablerighttoenjoyfineruralscenery.Inhis1910bookhewroteabouttheneedtomaintainpastoral,utilitariansceneryandtheinherentbeautyofagriculturallandscapes.Waughmaintainedthat“beautydoesnotinterferewithutility,norutilitywithbeauty-thetwoaresisters.”

ThefirstappliedwildernesspolicyevolvedfromeffortstoprotectTrappersLakeinColorado.AsthelandscapearchitectfortheU.S.ForestService,ArthurH.Carhartwasdirectedin1919toproviderecommendationsforseasonalhomesalongtheundevelopedshoreline.Hisproposalthatthearea’sscenicbeautyshouldremainpristineandpermanentlyfreeofdevelopmentforallgenerations-wasadopted.

Scenicpreservationreceivedaboostin1954,whentheU.S.SupremeCourt（inBermanv.Parke.r）recognizedthataestheticsalonewasasufficientreasontoregulatelanddevelopment.Theenvironmentalmovementofthe1960sbroughtaboutmorepublicawarenessoflandscapesceneryinAmerica.TheNationalConferenceonNaturalBeautyin1965placedlandscapesceneryonthenation’senvironmentalagenda.DuringthisperiodmanylandscapearchitectsmadesignificantcontributionstoprotectingandenhancingtheaestheticqualityofAmerica’slandscape.TheWisconsinstudiesbyPhilipLewisin