四级阅读练习Word文档下载推荐.docx

四级阅读练习Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Urbangrowthisdrivenbythedevelopingworld,whereAfricanandAsiancitiesgrowbyamillionpeopleaweek,accordingtotheUNPopulationFund（UNFPA）report.Citiesaregrowing,inpart,becausetheirlarge,youngpopulationsareintheirreproductiveprime.Butobserversnotethatmuchmoreurbangrowthstemsfromsteadymigrationsofruraldwellerslookingforeconomicopportunity.

EconomicEnginesareBehindtheCityExpansion

Surgingcitiesineconomicallychallengednationscanpresentahostofproblems.Aboutabillionpeoplecurrentlyliveinexpansivecityslums（贫民窟）withinadequateaccesstocleanwater,propersanitation（卫生）,orlegitimatehousing,thereportstates.Thatnumbercoulddoubleinthreedecades.

Butsomeexperts,includingthereport'

sleadauthor,sayurbanizationprovidesvaluableeconomicopportunities.ThehistoricallywealthynationsinEuropeandNorthAmerica,forexample,aremorethan70percenturbanized."

Contrarytowhatmostpolicymakershavebeensaying,urbangrowthcanbeextremelypositiveforeconomicgrowth,socialdevelopment,demographic（人口统计学的）stabilization,andevenforenvironmentalissues,"

saidGeorgeMartine,ademographerwhowrotetheUNFPA'

srecentStateofWorldPopulation2007report."

Butinorderforthattohappen,we'

llneedtotakeacompletelydifferentapproachfromtheonethatpeoplearetakingnow."

Martinenotesthatcitiesgeneratemostoftheworld'

sincomefromgoodsandservices."

Sototrytopreventurbangrowthislikeshootingyourselfinthefootfromaneconomicstandpoint,"

hesaid."

Ifyouhavebetterchancesforeconomicgrowth,thisalsohasimplicationsforsocialdevelopment-youneedresourcestoprovidesocialservices.Education,healthcare,anytypeofsocialservicecostslessincitiespercapitalthanitdoesinruralareas."

Unfortunately,manycitiesarefailingtoprovidesuchservicestotheirquicklygrowingpopulations,observerssay.DavidSatterthwaite,aseniorfellowwiththeInternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopmentinLondon,saystheblamefallssquarelyongovernments."

Igetannoyedbypeoplelookingaturbanizationnegatively.Whatweshouldlookatnegativelyistheincompetenceofgovernmentstoactuallymanageit,"

hesaid.

Muchurbangrowthisunregulatedbecausesomeauthoritiesdon'

twanttoencouragethetrendtowardurbanization,Martineadded."

Theywouldlikeurbanizationtostopbecausetheyseeitconcentratingpoverty,"

It'

saveryvisibleandnegativemanifestationintermsofpolitics."

"

Rightsizing"

CitiesistheOnlyWayOut?

By2050,theremaybeasmanyas27megacities（大城市）-citieswithpopulationsoftenmillionormore-upfrom19megacitiestoday.Butsuchhugecenterswon'

trepresentmosturbangrowth,expertssay.Instead,globalurbanizationwilllargelyoccurinsmallercitiesthatarepartofbroader,growingurbanareas,theynote."

Ingeneralascitiesgetverylarge,yougetapatternofaveryurbanizedregion,butalotofproductionisdecentralized,"

Satterthwaitesaid.Henotesthatmanybigcities,likeBuenosAires,Argentina;

RiodeJaneiro,Brazil;

andKolkata（Calcutta）,India,actuallyhavemorepeoplemovingoutthancomingin.

Smallercitiesmayofferthechanceatbettergovernance-andthusgreatersuccess-becausetheirdevelopinggovernmentsaremoretransparent,whilesomebigcitieshavealreadybecometooburdensome,accordingtoKamlaGuptaoftheInternationalInstituteforPopulationSciencesinMumbai（Bombay）."

Thereisaneedtolimitthephysicalandpopulationsizeofcitiesthathaveexpandedtoomuch…andhaveachievedinordinatelylargepopulationsize,"

shesaid."

Itisextremelydifficulttomanageovergrowncities,inspiteofhugeinvestments."

OneSizeDoesn'

tFitAll

GeographerNigelThrift,vicechancelloroftheUK'

sUniversityofWarwick,stressesthattheurbanizationtrendisanythingbuthomogenousacrosstheglobe."

Youshouldn'

tinferthatthesamesolutionswouldworkindifferentpartsoftheworld,"

TherearemanyAsiancitieswhere,thoughtherearemanypeoplelivingindifficultcircumstances,thefiguresoneconomicgrowthsuggestthatitmaybepossibletodosomethingaboutit.Inothercitiesthat'

snotthecase."

HesuggeststhatakindofglobalMarshallPlan,theeconomicaidpackagethathelpedrebuildpostwarEurope,couldbeimplementedtoaddresstheneedsofgrowingcities.Suchaidwouldneedtobeflexibletoaccommodatetheuniqueneedsofdifferentlocales,hesaid."

（In）citieswithmorepotential,whatyou'

redoingthereisinvestingingrowth,"

Withtheothers,that'

snotenough."

Inthosemostdesperatecities,accordingtoMartine,theauthoroftheUNreport,turningurbangrowthintoapositiveprocessbeginswithplanningfordecenthousing."

Whatreallydetermineswhetherornotpeoplearegoingtohaveaccesstowhatthecityhastoofferistohaveahome,anaddress,aplacetheycankeeptheirstuff,lockthedoor,orsetupalittlebusiness,"

Itmaybeunstableatthebeginning,butit'

sreallythestartingpointforaccessingwhatthecityhastooffer."

1.AccordingtotheUNreport,howmuchoftheworldpopulationwillbeurbanizedbytheyearof2050?

A）50%B）30%C）70%D）3%

2.Whatisthemoreimportantfactorthatcontributestotheurbangrowth?

A）Thelarge,youngcitypopulationsareintheirreproductiveprime.

B）TheAfricansandAsiansliketoliveinthecities.

C）Theyoungpeoplearemoreattractedtothecitylife.

D）Theruraldwellersmoveintolookforeconomicopportunity.

3.Howmanypeoplewillliveinexpansivecityslumsinthreedecades?

A）1billion.B）2billion.C）3billion.D）4billion.

4.Example（s）toshowthaturbanizationprovidesvaluableeconomicopportunitiesis（are）the________.

A）UNFPA’srecentStateofWorldPopulation2007report

B）historicallywealthnationsinEuropeandNorthAmerica

C）positiveeffectsofurbangrowthoneconomicgrowth

D）cities’socialdevelopment,demographicstabilization

5.AccordingtoDavidSatterthwaite,whoistoblameforthecity'

sfailingtoprovidesufficientservicestoitsdwellers?

A）Thepoliticians.B）Theimmigratedruraldwellers.

C）Thecityresidents.D）Thecitygovernments.

6.Insteadofthegrowingmegacities,globalurbanizationlargelytakesplacein________.

A）smallercitiesthatarepartofbroaderurbanareas

B）bigcitiesthataregrowingwithmorepeoplemovingin

C）megacitieswithtenmillionormorepopulation

D）smallercitiesthataretransformedfromruralareas

7.KamlaGuptasaiditisnecessaryto________.

A）controltheimmigrationofruraldwellers

B）limittheexpansionofthecityareas

C）limitthephysicalandpopulationsizeofthecities

D）managetheovergrowncitieswithhugeinvestments

8.GeographerNigelThriftsuggeststhatakindofMarshallplancanbeemployedto________________.

9.AccordingtoMartine,thebeginningofturningurbangrowthintoapositiveprocessisto___________.

10.Thestartingpointforaccessingwhatthecityhastoofferis__________________.

Passage2

CarbonMonoxide（一氧化碳）,theSilentKiller

Thewinterseasonisarrivingsooninthenorthernpartoftheworld.Winterbringscoldweatherandwithitadangerasoldasman'

sknowledgeoffire.Thedangerisdeathorinjurybycarbonmonoxidepoisoning.Today,wetellaboutthisancientandcontinuingdanger.

Severalyearsago,afamilyinthewesternstateofCaliforniawasenjoyingaholidaynearthePacificOcean.Thefamilyincludedafatherandamotherandfivechildren.Theoldestchildwastwelveyearsold.Theyoungestwasthree.Thefamilywasspendingtheweekendinacamper.Acamperisasmallsheltercarriedinthebackofatruck.Peoplecansleepinitforafewdays.

Theweatherturnedcoldthesecondnightthefamilystayedatthebeach.Thecamperdidnothaveanyheatingequipmenttowarmtheinsideareawhilefamilymembersslept.Someonedecidedtoheatthespacebyplacingacookingdevicecalledacharcoalgrill（焦炭烧烤架）insidethecamper.Thegrillburnedawoodproductcalledcharcoal.Thefireimmediatelywarmedthemembersofthefamily.Theyallwenttosleep.

Thenextday,otherpeoplevisitingthebeachfoundthefamily.Theparentsandtheirfivechildrenhaddiedintheirsleep.Theydiedbecausetheydidnotknowthatburningwoodproductscreatesadeadlygas.

Thedeadlygasiscarbonmonoxide.Carbonmonoxidepoisoningisknownasasilentkiller.TheCaliforniafamilywenttosleepintheirwarmcamperandneverwokeup.

Carbonmonoxidepoisoningcausesdeathandinjuriesthroughouttheworld.Thepoisongashasbeenaproblemsincehumansfirstbeganburningfuelstocookfoodortocreateheatduringcoldweather.

MorepeoplediefromcarbonmonoxidepoisoningintheUnitedStateseachyearthanfromanyotherkindofpoisoning.Americanhealthrecordsshowthatthispoisongaskillsabout220peopleeachyear.Morethan5000aretakentomedicalcenteremergencyroomsfortreatment.Thisdangerousgasisaprobleminallareasoftheworldthatexperiencecoldweather.

Carbonmonoxidegasiscalledthesilentkillerbecausepeopledonotrealizeitisintheair.Carbonmonoxide