中英文浅析维多利亚时代的建筑艺术特征文档格式.docx
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Peopleoftenreferredtoasthe“ageofimprovement”,theVictorianerawasoneofunprecedentedgrowthanddevelopment.TheVictoriansnotonlybenefitedfromthetechnologicaladvantagesaffordedbythefullfloweringoftheIndustrialRevolutionbutalsoenjoyedtheprofitsthatcamewithBritain’seconomicandpoliticalrisetoworlddominance.Withthisrisecameprofoundsocialchangeaspoliticians,academics,socialreformers,manufacturers,andreligiousleadersviedtoinstitutenewsensibilitiesregardingmorality,spirituality,science,charity,education,andpoliticalrepresentation.Thistransformationnaturallyaffectedthetypeandstyleofbuildingsthatwereerectedduringthisperiod,dramaticallyalteringthedesignfeaturesofBritain’sVictorianarchitecture.ThisthesisconsiderstheartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorianbylistingthedifferentstylesofVictorianarchitectureandthecontextofthesocialandculturalchangesthatgaverisetothem.
Keywords:
Victorianera,Architecture;
Designfeatures
ArchitectureisoneofthedefiningelementsoftheVictorianEra.
BuildingconstructionembracednewandeasiertechniquestocreatestructuresreflectingtheVictorians’romanticizedideasofdesign.
TheVictorianerareferstotheperiodfrom1825to1900.Thepoliticalsystem,economyandsocietydevelopedinarapidspeed.Theobviousphenomenonisthenumberofmiddleclassincreased.Afterhavingalotofmoney,Peopleinmiddleclassneedtochangetheirlivingconditionandstyleofinteriordecoration.Theytendtousearchitecturetorevealthemselves.Hence,designfeaturesofVictoriantookemphasizeondecoration,soitariseatthehistoricmoment.AndtheIndustrialrevolutionmadethevolumeproductionpossible.ItprovidedopportunityfortheimprovementofVictorianstyle.ThispaperwillintroducethebackgroundofVictorianeraandthereasonwhyVictorianstylewaspopularunderthatsocialsituation,thenitanalysistheartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorianwhichcanhelptoprovideevidencesforpeopletogetfamiliarwitharchitecturedesignofVictorian.
ChapterIIntroduction
1.1BackgroundoftheResearch
Amongotherartisticachievements,theVictoriansproducedwonderfulworksofarchitecture.VictorianErawasthegreatesteraoftheU.K.Thisconclusioncanbemainlyreachedfromevaluatingitseconomicdevelopmentanditssocialstability.Especiallyinitsmid-era,theVictorianswitnessedtheirmostprosperousandpowerfultime.Atthattime,theproductionforceofBritainwasmuchgreaterthantheoverallamountofthewholeworld,anditsforeigntradewasinthefirstpositionwithwhichothercountriescouldnotcompare.Victorianarchitectureoccupiesanimportantpositioninthearchitecturalhistory.Ifpeoplewanttostudytheculture,economy,politicalsysteminVictorianera,Victorianarchitecturecanprovidevaluableanswers.
Moreresearchesshouldbedoneonexploringtherelationshipbetweenarchitecturefeaturesandsocialenvironment.ItisusefultoanalysistheinfluentialfactorsinVictoriaerawhichcanprovidedirectiontostudydesignfeatures.
1.2OverallBackgroundoftheVictorianera
VictorianerawasnamedaftertheQueen.QueenVictorian’sreignwasthelongestandthemostmomentousoneintheEnglishhistory,lastingfor63years.AmongallthechangesanddevelopmentsthatmarkedTheVictorianreign,twoeventshadthemostsparklinglightandtheyundoubtedlydeserveattention.ThefirstwastheFrenchRevolution(1789-1815),andthesecondwastheIndustrialRevolutionthatbeganaround1780andwasacceleratedthroughtheVictorianAge.
VictorianEracanbedividedintounitschronologically.Therearethreepartsofit,theEarlyVictorianPeriod(1830-1850),theMid-VictorianPeriod(1851-1870),andtheLateVictorianPeriod(1871-1901).IntheEarlyVictorianPeriod(1830-1850),difficultiesineconomy,politicsandsocietygraduallybecameobvious;
thisspecificagewasbeginningtoshowitsfacetotheBritons.Inthisperiodtheindustrialdevelopmentandurbanizationwerethekeyfeatures.TheMid-VictorianPeriod(1851-1870)wasthecrestofthewholeera.During1851theGreatExhibitionatthespeciallybuilt“CrystalPalace”showedthelatestandgrandestscientificwondersforanadmiringworld.TheMid-VictorianyearswereprosperousandtheVictoriansofthatperiodwereimaginingthemuchmoreprosperousandupheavalworldtheyhadneverimagined.ThelateVictorianerawasfrom1870to1901.ThisperiodwitnessedtheuncertaintiesoftheBritisheconomy..CommonBritonsaround1870werealmostwealthierthantheordinarycitizenofeveryothercountryatthatmoment.
1.3SpreadofVictorianarchitecturestyle
AlthoughVictorianarchitectureisrootedinEngland,itquicklyspread
worldwide
asBritisharchitectsstartedtoemigratetoCanada,Australia,NewZealandandtheUnitedStates.Buildingsareornamentedwithbrightcolors,spindles,towers,turrets,wraparoundporches,andotherfancifuldetails.Thestylewasmadepopularbythemachineage.Railroadsshippedfactory-made,precutarchitecturalpartsacrossthecountrywherebuilderswouldusethemtocreatepicturesque,elaborate,andsometimesexcessivehomes.Eventually,improvedcommunicationsinthe19thcenturybegantoinforminternationalarchitectsofthelatestandgreateststylesandtrends,andtheVictorianinfluencegrew.
Still,theexactVictoriantimeperiodandnamesofarchitecturalstylesdifferfromcountrytocountry.IntheUnitedStates,
Victorianstyle
wasgenerallypopularfrom1860to1900.SanFranciscoinparticulariswellknownforitsVictorianarchitecture.InAustralia,theVictorianperiodwasrecognizedfrom1840to1890.Melbourne'
sworld-heritageRoyalExhibitionBuildingandRialtoBuildingarebothgoodexamplesofclassicVictorianarchitectureinAustralia.
1.4TheLayoutoftheThesis
Thethesisconsistsoffourchapters.
Chapter1providesageneralintroductionofthewholethesis.Thebackgroundoftheresearch,theoverallbackgroundofVictorianera,spreadoftheVictorianstyleandthelayoutoftheresearcharepresentedinthischapter.Chapter2isartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.ItintroducesthegeneralfeaturesofVictorianarchitectureandthenlistssevenkindsofVictorianarchitecture,introducestheircharacteristics.Chapter3istheinfluencefactorsofartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.Thispartpresentsthepoliticalenvironment,changeableculture;
newtechnologyandscienceandcoloniesarchitectureinVictorianerahaveinfluenceondesignfeaturesofarchitectures.Chapter4istheconclusion.Thatshowsthemajorfindingsoftheresearch.
ChapterIIArtisticFeaturesofArchitectureDesignofVictorian
TherearemultiplefeatureswithintheVictoriantheme.TheUKatthattimewasthemostsparklingstarovertheworld.BritaindemonstrateditsgloryinVictorianera.From1851-1881,theeconomyofBritainkeptrising.Althoughtherewereoccasionallyeconomiccrisis,theoveralleconomicsituationwasinagreatcondition.TheUKdevelopedinaspecialspeedwhichdifferentfromotherperiodsinitshistory,sothearchitecturehasitsdifferentcharacteristics.IfpeoplewanttostudytheVictorianera,artisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictoriancanshowsocialcharacteristicsatthattime.ThischapterwillanalysisthegeneralfeaturesofVictorianarchitectureandthenintroducesthesevenartisticfeaturesofarchitecturedesignofVictorian.
2.1TheGeneralfeaturesofVictorianArchitecture
MostVictorianhouseshaddistinctivecolorschemesandexteriorfeatures,includingmansardroofs,curves,arches,fancybrackets,columns,anduniqueandlargewindows.TheGovernor’sMansionwasfirstpaintedmustardyellowwithsage-greentrim.TheinteriorsofVictorianhouseswereelaboratelydecoratedandfilledtothebrimwithfancyfurniture.Carvedandpaintedmoldingsandplasterwalldecorationscaughtthelightfromgasandkerosenelamps.Itwastypicaltoseefloralcarpets,largepatternedandmulti-coloredwallpaper,velvetandlacecurtains,overstuffedchairs,tuftedottomans,marble-toppedtables,candelabras,chandeliers,andcarvedsideboards.Onemightalsoseemanypottedplants,bronzestatues,marblefigures,andworksofart.Duringthistimeperiod,agrowingwealthyclassofpeopledevelopedandbuiltlargeVictorianhousesasashowoftheirwealthandsocialstatus.YetnoteveryonelivedinanimpressiveVictorianhouse.SmallerhouseswithVictorianfeatureswerebuiltforagrowingpopulation.
2.2ArtisticFeaturesofGothicRevival
TheGothicRevivalwasanarchitecturalmovementwhichoriginatedinmid-18thcenturyEngland.Inthe19thcentury,increasinglyseriousandlearnedneo-Gothicstylessoughttorevivemedievalforms,indistinctiontotheclassicalstyleswhichwereprevalentatthetime.ThemovementhadsignificantinfluencethroughouttheUnitedKingdomaswellasinEuropeandNorthAmerica,andperhapsmoreGothicarchitecturewasbuiltinboththe19thcenturyand20thcenturythanhadoriginallyeverbeenbuilt.Inliterature,thearchitecturalGothicRevivalandclassicalRomanticismgaverisetotheGothicnovelgenre,beginningwithCastleofOtranto(1764)byHoraceWalpole,4thEarlofOrford,andinspireda19thcenturygenreofmedievalpoetrywhichstemsfromthepseudo-bardicpoetryof“Ossian.”PoemslikeIdyllsoftheKingbyAlfredTennyson,1stBaronTennysonrecastspecificallymodernthemesinmedievalsettingsofArthurianromance.TheseearlyVictorianArchitecturereinventedtheclassi