全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和解析.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和解析
1995年试题与分析
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.1kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis2toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore3.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese4forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations5ofnon-REMsleep.
Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep6is100percentfataltorats,yet,7_examinationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow
8themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats9bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,10theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.
1.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any
2.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred
3.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful
4.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded
5.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose
6.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction
7.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with
8.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton
9.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce
10.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonly
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
Passagel
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:
withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.
Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.
AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.
ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.
Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation—andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.
11.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat__.
[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising
[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming
[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse
[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising
12.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?
[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.
[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.
13.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis_.
[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising
[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers'attention
[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation
[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising
14.Intheauthor'sopinion,__.
[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation
[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover
[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer
[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisement
Passage2
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:
oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.
Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.
Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?
Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?
Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?
Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.
Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.
15.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen____.
[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit
[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork
[C]heiskeenonlearninganythingnew
[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney
16.Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould____.
[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder
[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements
[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges
[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime
17.Whentheauthorsays"anewwayofbeing"(line3,Para.3)heisreferringto__.
[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld
[B]anewwayoftakingrisks
[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves
[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange
18.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept_____.
[A]curiosityaboutmorechances
[B]promptnessinself-adaptation
[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences
[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubts
Passage3
Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.
Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.
Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.
Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.