第十五章世界贸易组织doc第十五章世界贸易组织Word文档下载推荐.docx
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1、简述关贸总协定的作用。
2、关贸总协定多边贸易谈判有何特点?
3、乌拉圭回合谈判有何特点?
4、简述《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》的主要内容。
5、简述《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于版权、商标和专利权的保护规定。
6、简述世界贸易组织的主要特点。
7、我国复关和加入世界贸易组织的主要原则是什么?
三、论述题
1、试述《服务贸易总协定》关于义务和原则的规定。
2、联系实际论述中国加入世界贸易组织的重要意义。
3、世界贸易组织新一轮多边谈判的重要议题和前景分析。
四、热点问题
HOWWTOtoaffectChina-USrelations
Opportunitiesandchallenges
co-existinbilateraltrade
BYJAMESZUWALT
FirstsecretaryofUSEmbassytoChina
TheUnitedStateswarmlywelcomesChina’simminentaccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).Scheduledtojoinofficiallyin2002,ChinawillbecomeoneofthelastmajortradingnationstojointheWTO.Andthemessagetotheworldwillbeclear:
Chinaispreparedtobecomeafullyvestedplayerintheglobaleconomy.WTOmembershipwillgeneratetremendousbenefitsforChina:
spearheadingfurthereconomicreform,attractingevenhigherlevelsofforeigninvestment,andfosteringtheruleoflaw.
Athome,WTOmembershipwillundoubtedlythrustsignificantresponsibilitiesandchallengesontheChineseleadershipandtheChinesepeople.Abroad,itwillfundamentallyenhance,ifnotredefine,China’srelationswithothercountries,especiallywithitsmostsignificantexportmarket,theUnitedStates.
Onethingiscertain:
ThechangeswroughtbyChina’sWTOaccessionwillreachfarbeyondjustthetrade-relatedaspectsoftheUS-Chinarelationship,engenderingmanybenefitsandmitigatetherisksremainsasubjectofmuchdebateamongAmericanandChinesepolicyplanners,businesspeople,andconsumers.
ChinaneedstheWTO
China’sexplosiveeconomicexpansionoverthepast20yearsisawell-knownsuccessstory.Fuelledbyvigorousreformefforts,growthratesaveragingnearly10percentannuallyhavecreatedavastarrayofnewjobandinvestmentopportunities,makingChinaevermoreprosperous.TheeffectofChina’stransformationfromaninward-looking,plannedeconomytoamoremarket-oriented,tradingpowerhousehasreverberatedthroughouttheglobaleconomy,influencingeverythingfromconsumers’choicestoinvestmentflows.
Rapid-firegrowthhasnotbeencost-free,however.Inparticular,ithascastaharshlightonsomeofthestructuralweaknessesofChina’seconomicsystem,inagriculture,finance,andstate-ownedenterprisereform.ThedilemmaforChinahasbeen,andwillcontinuestobe,howbesttokeepthedualmomentumofeconomicgrowthandstructuralreformgoing.
Inmanyrespects,WTOmembershipisChina’sbestoptionforstayingthecourse,forensuringthatneitherthepaceofeconomicgrowthnorofreformfalters.Astheworldeconomyhasbecomevastlymorecomplexandinterconnected,China’sparticipationinit,accordingtotherulesofinternationaltrade,hasbecomethatmuchmorecriticalnotonlyforChina,butfortheUnitedStates,Asia,andtheworld.
AsaWTOmember,Chinawillbeabletoparticipateintheformulationofrulesthatgoverninternationaltradeandinvestment.Similarly,itwillbeabletodefenditstradeinterestsusingtheWTOdispute-settlementsystem.ChineseexporterswillbenefitfromthecertaintythattheirtradingpartnersmustobeyWTOrules.Thismeans,forexample,thatWTOmemberswillnotbeabletodiscriminateagainstChineseproductsintheirhomemarkets.WTOmembershipwillmakeChinaevenmoreattractivetoforeigninvestors.AndmoremoneyinvestedinChinameansmorehigh-payingjobs,moregovernmenttaxreceipts,andmoretechnologytransfers.
WTOrulesaredesignedtofacilitateincreasedcompetitionineverysectoroftheeconomy.Chineseconsumerswillbethedirectbeneficiaries,ascompetitionencouragesalargerangeofchoices,lowerprices,andhigherquality,nottomentionagreaterawareness,andappreciationfor,intellectualpropertyrightsandconsumerrights.Globalcompetitionwillfostergainsinefficiencyandproductivity,whichwillstrengthenChina’seconomyovertime,andenhancetheabilityofChinesefirmstotakeonthebestmultinationalsinanymarket,inanypartoftheworld,China’seconomywillbenefitfromtheexpandedrangeofservices—insurance,finance,distribution—whichforeigncompanieswanttobringintoChinaafteritsWTOaccession.CompetitioninthisareawillinturnstimulateChina’shome-grownservicessector,givingcompaniesandconsumersanevenbroaderrangeofchoices.
China’sresponsibilities
WhileChinaispoisedtobenefitgreatlyfromWTO,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatWTOmembershipdoesnotonlyconveycertainrights,butalsospecificresponsibilities.Chinalabouredthrough15yearsoftoughnegotiations,particularlywiththeUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion,toachieveWTOmembership.ThetimeandeffortinvolvedstandsasatestamenttoChina’sdeterminationtobecomeafully-integratedplayerintherules-basedglobaltradingregime.AlthoughthebattletoachievethevictoryofWTOaccessionwashard-fought,inmanyrespectsanotherequallyworthwhilebutdifficultchallengeconfrontsthenation.ChinaisintheprocessofmakingenormouschangestomeetitsWTOobligations—restructuringindustries,publishingpreviouslyinternallawsandregulations,establishingformalprocedurestoadjudicatedisputes,andlevellingtheplayingfieldforforeigncompanies.Ithasagreedtoslashtariffsandtoeliminateimportquotas,todismantleexportsubsidies,andhaspromisedtoopenserviceindustriestoforeigncompetition.SomeofthesechangeswillcomeimmediatelyuponChina’saccession;
otherswillbephasedinoveraperiodofafewyears.
WTOandUS-Chinaties
HowwellChinafulfilsitsobligationsofWTOmembershipwillhaveadirectbearingonthefuturedirectionofUS-Chinarelations.ItisintheinterestsofbothcountriestoavoidascenarioinwhichtradefrictionsareexacerbatedbyaninabilityorunwillingnesstomeetthemanycommitmentsChinahasmadetojointheWTO.Thatsaid,tradefrictionsbetweentheUSandChinawillnotgoawaywithWTOaccession.Ifanything,theymightincrease,atleastinitially.Thatisonlynaturalasthesizeandscopeofourtraderelationshipgrows.ChinaalreadyenjoysaburgeoningtradesurpluswiththeUS.
TheUSandothergovernmentsareplayingavitalroleintryingtoavoidjustsuchascenariobyofferingChinaassistanceinmeetingitsWTOobligations.OurConsulateGeneralinShanghai,forexample,hasworkedwiththeUS-ChinaBusinessCounciltoputtogetheravideo-conferencingprogrammeinwhichAmericantrade-lawexpertsspeaktoChineseofficials.Similarly,ourEmbassyinBeijingisworkingwithBeijingUniversityandalocaldistance-learninginstitutiontoprovideon-lineWTOtrainingopportunitiesincommunitiesthroughoutChina.
TheEuropeanUnionhasallocatedapproximatelyUS$23milliontobringChineseofficialsuptospeedonWTOrulesandconcepts,includingtranslationsforuseindomesticlegislation.
WTOrulescanprotectChina
China’shandlingoftradedisputeswithJapanprovesthecountryisn’tskilledenoughinusingrulesandregulationsoftheworldTradeOrganization(WTO)toprotectitsowninterests,saidanarticleintheJapaneseStudiesMagazine.
ThelatesttradedisputewasprovokedbyJapaninAprilwhenitslappedimportcurbsonshiitakemushrooms,springonionsandrushestatamimatsfromChina.InJune,ChinaimposedpunitivetariffsonJapanese-madecars,mobilephonesandairconditioners.
ThedisputecanbeviewedasanearlytestofhowChinawillmeetchallengesbroughtaboutbyitspendingWTOentry,thearticlesaid.
OneproblemexposedisChina’sslowresponsetoJapan’saction.TheJapaneseGovernment,infact,startedrelevantinvestigationsforpossibleimportcurbsinasearlyDecember.Theseinvestigationswereconductedinanopenmanner.
YettherewasnoChineseresponseuntilMarch27,whenJapanannounceditsnon-tariffprotectionmeasuresandintensifieditsquarantineofimportedfarmproduces.
AnotherproblemdemonstratedisChina’sweaknessincollectinginformation.
WhentheJapanesegovernmentbeganinvestigationsoncertainproductsandmaderelevantstatistics,theChinesegovernmentshouldhaveconductedtheirowninvestigationsonthetargetedproducts.
Withthematerialscollected,ChinacouldhaveclarifiedmisinformationpublishedbyJapan.Furthermore,theeffectwouldhavehelpedChinaworkoutefficientcountermeasures.
Today’stradewars,toagreatextent,areinformationwars.Acountrycannotconvincetheinternationalcommunitybytalkingabstracttheoriesandmustinsteadrelyonconcretedatatojustifyprotectivemeasures.
Inthetradedispute,betweenChinaandJapan,Japanfloodedthemediawithstatistics.ChinesemediaalsohadtoquotefiguresreleasedbyJapanwhiletalkingaboutChina’sexportofthesethreeproducts.
Therewasnoproofastowhetherthosefiguresareaccurate.
WTOentrymeansbothopportunitiesandchallengestoChina.Butpeopleareplacingmoreexpectationsongainsthanonnecessarypreparationstomeetchallenges,thearticlewarned.
AfteritbecomesaWTOmember,Chinawillencountersimilar,unavoidabletradedisputeswithothercountries.Togainanupperhandinhandlingdisputes,itisapressingtaskforChinatobecomefamiliarwithrulesandregulationsofWTO
BeingblindtothegamerulesfortheWTOwillmakeChinaill-prepareditselfandleadittounintentionallybreaklaws,thearticlesaid.
WhileChinahasbeenoutoftheWTO,thenationhassuffereddiscrimination.ButfairtreatmentwithintheWTOdependsontheskilleduseofrelevantrulesandregulations.
Chineseenterprisesalsomustbecomemoreresponsible,thearticleurged
InthecurrentChina-Japantradedispute,itwastheJapanesenon-governmentalagriculturalorganizationsthatputforward