第十五章世界贸易组织doc第十五章世界贸易组织Word文档下载推荐.docx

第十五章世界贸易组织doc第十五章世界贸易组织Word文档下载推荐.docx

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1、简述关贸总协定的作用。

2、关贸总协定多边贸易谈判有何特点？

3、乌拉圭回合谈判有何特点？

4、简述《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》的主要内容。

5、简述《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于版权、商标和专利权的保护规定。

6、简述世界贸易组织的主要特点。

7、我国复关和加入世界贸易组织的主要原则是什么？

三、论述题

1、试述《服务贸易总协定》关于义务和原则的规定。

2、联系实际论述中国加入世界贸易组织的重要意义。

3、世界贸易组织新一轮多边谈判的重要议题和前景分析。

四、热点问题

HOWWTOtoaffectChina-USrelations

Opportunitiesandchallenges

co-existinbilateraltrade

BYJAMESZUWALT

FirstsecretaryofUSEmbassytoChina

TheUnitedStateswarmlywelcomesChina’simminentaccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）.Scheduledtojoinofficiallyin2002,ChinawillbecomeoneofthelastmajortradingnationstojointheWTO.Andthemessagetotheworldwillbeclear:

Chinaispreparedtobecomeafullyvestedplayerintheglobaleconomy.WTOmembershipwillgeneratetremendousbenefitsforChina:

spearheadingfurthereconomicreform,attractingevenhigherlevelsofforeigninvestment,andfosteringtheruleoflaw.

Athome,WTOmembershipwillundoubtedlythrustsignificantresponsibilitiesandchallengesontheChineseleadershipandtheChinesepeople.Abroad,itwillfundamentallyenhance,ifnotredefine,China’srelationswithothercountries,especiallywithitsmostsignificantexportmarket,theUnitedStates.

Onethingiscertain:

ThechangeswroughtbyChina’sWTOaccessionwillreachfarbeyondjustthetrade-relatedaspectsoftheUS-Chinarelationship,engenderingmanybenefitsandmitigatetherisksremainsasubjectofmuchdebateamongAmericanandChinesepolicyplanners,businesspeople,andconsumers.

ChinaneedstheWTO

China’sexplosiveeconomicexpansionoverthepast20yearsisawell-knownsuccessstory.Fuelledbyvigorousreformefforts,growthratesaveragingnearly10percentannuallyhavecreatedavastarrayofnewjobandinvestmentopportunities,makingChinaevermoreprosperous.TheeffectofChina’stransformationfromaninward-looking,plannedeconomytoamoremarket-oriented,tradingpowerhousehasreverberatedthroughouttheglobaleconomy,influencingeverythingfromconsumers’choicestoinvestmentflows.

Rapid-firegrowthhasnotbeencost-free,however.Inparticular,ithascastaharshlightonsomeofthestructuralweaknessesofChina’seconomicsystem,inagriculture,finance,andstate-ownedenterprisereform.ThedilemmaforChinahasbeen,andwillcontinuestobe,howbesttokeepthedualmomentumofeconomicgrowthandstructuralreformgoing.

Inmanyrespects,WTOmembershipisChina’sbestoptionforstayingthecourse,forensuringthatneitherthepaceofeconomicgrowthnorofreformfalters.Astheworldeconomyhasbecomevastlymorecomplexandinterconnected,China’sparticipationinit,accordingtotherulesofinternationaltrade,hasbecomethatmuchmorecriticalnotonlyforChina,butfortheUnitedStates,Asia,andtheworld.

AsaWTOmember,Chinawillbeabletoparticipateintheformulationofrulesthatgoverninternationaltradeandinvestment.Similarly,itwillbeabletodefenditstradeinterestsusingtheWTOdispute-settlementsystem.ChineseexporterswillbenefitfromthecertaintythattheirtradingpartnersmustobeyWTOrules.Thismeans,forexample,thatWTOmemberswillnotbeabletodiscriminateagainstChineseproductsintheirhomemarkets.WTOmembershipwillmakeChinaevenmoreattractivetoforeigninvestors.AndmoremoneyinvestedinChinameansmorehigh-payingjobs,moregovernmenttaxreceipts,andmoretechnologytransfers.

WTOrulesaredesignedtofacilitateincreasedcompetitionineverysectoroftheeconomy.Chineseconsumerswillbethedirectbeneficiaries,ascompetitionencouragesalargerangeofchoices,lowerprices,andhigherquality,nottomentionagreaterawareness,andappreciationfor,intellectualpropertyrightsandconsumerrights.Globalcompetitionwillfostergainsinefficiencyandproductivity,whichwillstrengthenChina’seconomyovertime,andenhancetheabilityofChinesefirmstotakeonthebestmultinationalsinanymarket,inanypartoftheworld,China’seconomywillbenefitfromtheexpandedrangeofservices—insurance,finance,distribution—whichforeigncompanieswanttobringintoChinaafteritsWTOaccession.CompetitioninthisareawillinturnstimulateChina’shome-grownservicessector,givingcompaniesandconsumersanevenbroaderrangeofchoices.

China’sresponsibilities

WhileChinaispoisedtobenefitgreatlyfromWTO,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatWTOmembershipdoesnotonlyconveycertainrights,butalsospecificresponsibilities.Chinalabouredthrough15yearsoftoughnegotiations,particularlywiththeUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion,toachieveWTOmembership.ThetimeandeffortinvolvedstandsasatestamenttoChina’sdeterminationtobecomeafully-integratedplayerintherules-basedglobaltradingregime.AlthoughthebattletoachievethevictoryofWTOaccessionwashard-fought,inmanyrespectsanotherequallyworthwhilebutdifficultchallengeconfrontsthenation.ChinaisintheprocessofmakingenormouschangestomeetitsWTOobligations—restructuringindustries,publishingpreviouslyinternallawsandregulations,establishingformalprocedurestoadjudicatedisputes,andlevellingtheplayingfieldforforeigncompanies.Ithasagreedtoslashtariffsandtoeliminateimportquotas,todismantleexportsubsidies,andhaspromisedtoopenserviceindustriestoforeigncompetition.SomeofthesechangeswillcomeimmediatelyuponChina’saccession;

otherswillbephasedinoveraperiodofafewyears.

WTOandUS-Chinaties

HowwellChinafulfilsitsobligationsofWTOmembershipwillhaveadirectbearingonthefuturedirectionofUS-Chinarelations.ItisintheinterestsofbothcountriestoavoidascenarioinwhichtradefrictionsareexacerbatedbyaninabilityorunwillingnesstomeetthemanycommitmentsChinahasmadetojointheWTO.Thatsaid,tradefrictionsbetweentheUSandChinawillnotgoawaywithWTOaccession.Ifanything,theymightincrease,atleastinitially.Thatisonlynaturalasthesizeandscopeofourtraderelationshipgrows.ChinaalreadyenjoysaburgeoningtradesurpluswiththeUS.

TheUSandothergovernmentsareplayingavitalroleintryingtoavoidjustsuchascenariobyofferingChinaassistanceinmeetingitsWTOobligations.OurConsulateGeneralinShanghai,forexample,hasworkedwiththeUS-ChinaBusinessCounciltoputtogetheravideo-conferencingprogrammeinwhichAmericantrade-lawexpertsspeaktoChineseofficials.Similarly,ourEmbassyinBeijingisworkingwithBeijingUniversityandalocaldistance-learninginstitutiontoprovideon-lineWTOtrainingopportunitiesincommunitiesthroughoutChina.

TheEuropeanUnionhasallocatedapproximatelyUS$23milliontobringChineseofficialsuptospeedonWTOrulesandconcepts,includingtranslationsforuseindomesticlegislation.

WTOrulescanprotectChina

China’shandlingoftradedisputeswithJapanprovesthecountryisn’tskilledenoughinusingrulesandregulationsoftheworldTradeOrganization（WTO）toprotectitsowninterests,saidanarticleintheJapaneseStudiesMagazine.

ThelatesttradedisputewasprovokedbyJapaninAprilwhenitslappedimportcurbsonshiitakemushrooms,springonionsandrushestatamimatsfromChina.InJune,ChinaimposedpunitivetariffsonJapanese-madecars,mobilephonesandairconditioners.

ThedisputecanbeviewedasanearlytestofhowChinawillmeetchallengesbroughtaboutbyitspendingWTOentry,thearticlesaid.

OneproblemexposedisChina’sslowresponsetoJapan’saction.TheJapaneseGovernment,infact,startedrelevantinvestigationsforpossibleimportcurbsinasearlyDecember.Theseinvestigationswereconductedinanopenmanner.

YettherewasnoChineseresponseuntilMarch27,whenJapanannounceditsnon-tariffprotectionmeasuresandintensifieditsquarantineofimportedfarmproduces.

AnotherproblemdemonstratedisChina’sweaknessincollectinginformation.

WhentheJapanesegovernmentbeganinvestigationsoncertainproductsandmaderelevantstatistics,theChinesegovernmentshouldhaveconductedtheirowninvestigationsonthetargetedproducts.

Withthematerialscollected,ChinacouldhaveclarifiedmisinformationpublishedbyJapan.Furthermore,theeffectwouldhavehelpedChinaworkoutefficientcountermeasures.

Today’stradewars,toagreatextent,areinformationwars.Acountrycannotconvincetheinternationalcommunitybytalkingabstracttheoriesandmustinsteadrelyonconcretedatatojustifyprotectivemeasures.

Inthetradedispute,betweenChinaandJapan,Japanfloodedthemediawithstatistics.ChinesemediaalsohadtoquotefiguresreleasedbyJapanwhiletalkingaboutChina’sexportofthesethreeproducts.

Therewasnoproofastowhetherthosefiguresareaccurate.

WTOentrymeansbothopportunitiesandchallengestoChina.Butpeopleareplacingmoreexpectationsongainsthanonnecessarypreparationstomeetchallenges,thearticlewarned.

AfteritbecomesaWTOmember,Chinawillencountersimilar,unavoidabletradedisputeswithothercountries.Togainanupperhandinhandlingdisputes,itisapressingtaskforChinatobecomefamiliarwithrulesandregulationsofWTO

BeingblindtothegamerulesfortheWTOwillmakeChinaill-prepareditselfandleadittounintentionallybreaklaws,thearticlesaid.

WhileChinahasbeenoutoftheWTO,thenationhassuffereddiscrimination.ButfairtreatmentwithintheWTOdependsontheskilleduseofrelevantrulesandregulations.

Chineseenterprisesalsomustbecomemoreresponsible,thearticleurged

InthecurrentChina-Japantradedispute,itwastheJapanesenon-governmentalagriculturalorganizationsthatputforward