科技论文具有通常所说的创新性Word文件下载.docx

科技论文具有通常所说的创新性Word文件下载.docx

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2）torepeatexperiments,

3）toevaluateintellectualprocess

•Organizationofascientificpaper

•Scientificpapershavestandardformat

•Organizedtomeettheneedsofvalidpublication,withdistinctiveandclearlyevidentcomponentparts.

•Themostcommonlabelingofthecomponentparts,inthebasicsciences,isIntroduction,Methods,Results,andDiscussion（hence,theacronymIMRAD）

•Alsohasthefollowingelements:

Title,Abstract（orsometimesafinalsummaryinstead）,ReferencesandAcknowledgement.

•Thetitle

•Thetitleofascientificpapershouldtellthereaderwhatkindofworkisbeingreported.

•Thelengthoftitle

•Titlesaretooshort

“StudiesonMycobacteriumtuberculosis”

suchatitlewasnotveryhelpfultothepotentialreader.

•Titlesaretoolong

“Ontheadditiontothemethodofmicroscopicresearchbyanewwayofproducingcolor-contrastbetweenanobjectanditsbackgroundorbetweendefinitepartsoftheobjectitself”

lessmeaningfulthanshortones.Itsoundslikeapoortitle,perhapsitwouldmakeagoodabstract.

•Needforspecifictitle

•“ActionofantibioticsonBacteria”

•Abstract

•Anabstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.

•Provideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:

IMRAD

•Abstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterestsandthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthepaperinitsentirely.

•Abstractshouldnotexceedthelengthspecifiedbythejournal（commonly250words）

•Theabstractshould:

1）statetheprincipalobjectivesandthescopeoftheinvestigation

2）describethemethodsemployed

3）summarizetheresults

4）statetheprincipalconclusions

•Introduction

•Introductionshouldsupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutneedingtorefertopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.

•Theintroductionshouldalsostatebrieflyandclearlyyourpurposeinwritingthepaper.

•Choosereferencescarefullytoprovidethemostimportantbackgroundinformation

•Whydidyouchoosethatsubject,andwhyisitimportant?

•Besides,introductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse

•Materialsandmethods

•Givethefulldetailsofthemethodologyemployedinthestudy

•Writteninthepasttense

•Themainpurposeofthissectionistodescribetheexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments

•Alsoprovideinformationthatletreadersjudgetheappropriatenessofthemethods

•Manypeersmayskipthissection,becausetheyalreadyknowthegeneralmethods

•Listpertinent（related）chemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthereagentsused

•Experimentsanimals,plants,cells,otherregentsandthesourceofthemshouldbelistedanddescribed

•Informedconsent

•Needforreference:

ifthemethodisnew（unpublished）,youmustprovideallofthedetail.If,however,themethodhasbeenpublishinajournal,theliteraturereferenceshouldbegiven,andyoucanstatelikethat:

“cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviousdescribed”

•Results

•Theresultsofeachexperimentshouldbepresentedclearly,withoutcomment,bias,orinterpretation

•Resultsconstitutethenewknowledgethatyouarecontributingtotheworld,theearlierpartsofthepaperaredesignedtotellwhyandhowyougottheResults,thelatterpartsofthepaperisdesignedtotellwhattheymean.Therefore,thewholepapermuststandorfallonthebasisoftheresults.Thus,theresultsmustbepresentedwithcrystalclarity.

•Howdoyoupresentthedata?

•Discussion

•Inthissection,youevaluatethemeaningofyourresultsinthetermsoftheoriginalquestionorhypothesisandpointouttheirbiologicalsignificance.

•Iftheresultsareunexpectedorcontradictory,youshouldattempttoexplainwhyandpossiblypointoutavenuesoffurtherresearch.

•Relatedliteraturesshouldbecitedinthissectionforfurthersupportorpurposesofcomparison

•WhataretheessentialfeaturesofagoodDiscussion?

•Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.

•Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.

•Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagreewithpreviouslypublishedworks

•Discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications

•Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible

•Summarizedyourevidenceforeachconclusion.