高考英语阅读理解中的长难句3文档格式.docx
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并列结构一般有连词and,but,or等连接;
复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。
任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词,找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构,清理出完整意义。
平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。
表示目的:
sothat,forthepurposethat,inorderthat等;
表示结果:
so…that…,such…that…,asaresult,therefore,thus等;
表示条件:
if,onconditionthat,unless等;
表示原因:
because,since,as等。
【例l】Anothergoodthingabouttheuseofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoil
andworkbetter.(NMETl995C篇)
析:
这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。
并且表语从句后接了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句内有notonly…butalso…连接的并列结构。
句意:
噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器.这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。
而且使发动机耗油更少,运转更好。
【例2】Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsometools,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whileheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.(NMET2001D篇)
whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构,which引出定语从句,指代前文中的事实,that引出同位语从句,while引出状语从旬,表示对比。
我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物,特别是肉类,取决于它们是否还在田问里,还是即将就厨。
这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。
【例3】ASwedishKennelClubofficialexplainswhatthismeans:
ifyourdogrunsoutontheroadandgetshitbyapassingcar,astheowner,youhavetopayforanydamagedonetothecar,evenifyourdoghasbeenkilledintheaccident.(NMETl997C篇)
该句前半部分explain接what引导的宾语从句:
后半部分对此进行具体解释,其中,在主句前后各有一个if导的条件状语从句和evenif引导的让步状语从句。
astheowner是插入语。
一个瑞典Kennel俱乐部的官员解释了这项(法律)的含义,如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了。
作为主人。
即使你的狗被撞死了,你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。
【例4】First,Ihavetofindtheredonesamongtheleaves,whichmeansIalmosthavetostandonmyhead,andoncefoundIhavetoreachdownandunder,pickthetomatoesandwith
【例5】ItisdifficulttomeasurethequantityofpaperusedasaresultofuseofInternet-connectedcomputers,althoughjustaboutanyonewhoworksinanofficecantellyouthatwhenane-mailisintroduced,theprintersstartworkingovertime.Thatis,thegrowingdemandforpaperinrecentyearsislargelyduetotheincreaseduseoftheInternet.
【例6】Perhapstheywillspendtheirdaysgollockingtomakenewspundlesorstrugglingwiththeirballalatorsthroughthecircle,Thesewords,whichIhavejustmadeup,havetostandfortingsandideasthatwesimplycan'
tthinkof.
二、抓主干、剔从句
一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。
根据英语中五种基本句型结构,把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来,其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。
一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句,一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系,只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了,则长难句就好对付了。
如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解,再把大意拼凑起来,构成整个
长句的意思,就可降低长句的理解难度。
如:
【例1】Onetiny9inch-plantboughtfor$1.25inthespring,hasalreadytakenovermuchofmyrosebed,coveringmuchofotherplants,andiswellonitswaytothefrontdoor.(2005全国I卷E篇)
句子主干部分为onetiny9-inchplanthasalreadytakenovermuchofmyrosebedand…。
bought短语、covering短语分别作定语和状语。
一个在春天时花$1.25买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃,覆盖了我的其他植物。
正在向前门发展。
【例2】Lewisfoundthatinfamilieswiththreeorfourchildren,dinnerconversationislikelytocenterontheoldestchild,whohasthemosttotalkabout,andtheyoungest,whoneedsthemostattention.(2005全国I卷D篇1
句子主干部分为Lewisfoundthat…,在that引导的宾语从句中,含有两个who引导的定语从句。
修饰theoldestchild和theyoungest。
莱温斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里,晚餐的谈话焦点往往是年龄最大和最小的孩子。
最大的总是有许多的东西要说,而最小的则需要最多的关照。
【例3】Pasteurdiscoveredthatheatingthewinegentlyforafewminutesafterithadfermentedwouldkillofftheyeastthatwasleftinthewine,withtheresultthatthewinewouldremainfreshformuchlonger..(NMET2002春招D篇)
第一个that引出宾语从句,第二个that引出定语从句。
第三个that引出同位语从句。
Pasteur发现(宾语从句)在酒发酵之后,再加温几分钟,能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句),其结果能使酒的保鲜时间更长(同位语从句。
【例4】WhatWinterknowsofthe19-year-oldboywhosavedhislifeisonlythathediedinacaraccidentandthathisfamilywaswillingtohonorhiswishesanddonatehisorgansfortransplantation.(NMET2002春招E篇)
【例5】FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletstudyattheEcolepolytechnique.(NMET2003C篇)
三、抓关键词
关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息,抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。
【例1】TalesfromAnimalHospitalwilldelightallfansoftheprogramandanyonewhohasalivelyinterestintheirpet,whetheritbecat,dogorsnake!
(NMET2003C篇)
关键词:
fans…爱好者.whether…or…无论是……还是……句意:
来自动物医院(这个电视节目)的故事(这本书),将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。
【例2】Aftertheirstay,allvisitorsreceiveasurvivalcertificaterecordingtheirsuccess,thatis,whenguestsleavetheigloohoteltheywillreceiveapaperstatingthattheyhavehadatasteofadventure.
句中含两个分词短语,关键词state“表明”。
在他们逗留之后。
所有的游客都会收到一份生存证明记录他们的成功.也就是说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时,他们会得到一份证明.表明他们曾尝试过冒险。
【例3】Themajormarketforcerestsinthegrowingpopulationofwhite-collaremployees(白领雇员),who
canaffordthenewservice,inotherwords,Shanghai’scarrentalindustryisgrowingsofastmainlyduetotheincreasingnumberofwhite—collaremployees.
四、恢复原来面貌,理解创新句型
难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型,主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。
我们可以利用还原法和消原法,还复杂句型以本来面目,以求顺利理解。
【例1】Excusedfromrecycling(回收利用)becauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)(MET2000E篇)
分析句子结构及语法功能不难发现该句为省略句,可补充还原为:
Areyouexcusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?
你住在带垃圾通道的高层楼房上就可获准不参与回收利用垃圾吗?
【例2】Betty,shrugs.Talk?
We’refriends.(NMET2001E篇)
该句为省略句,根据上下文作者因妻子长时间跟女友谈话而感到纳闷的情节,该句可补充还原为:
Bettyshrugs.Whyarewetalkingsolong?
We’refriends.贝蒂耸了耸肩,为什么我们谈这么久?
我们是朋友。
【例3】“Mostwomen,”saysRubin,“identified(认定)atleastone,usuallymore,trustedfriendstowhomtheycouldturninatroubledmoment,andtheyspokeopenlyabouttheimportanceoftheserelationshipsintheirlives.”(NMET2001E篇)
【例4】Nolongerwillthepublicaccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit.throwitaway,andforgetit.”(NMET2001C篇)
【例5】HowisitthatthecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey’restillsittingonthesofa,talking?
(NMET2001E篇)
练一练
PartA
1.Jennerdiscoveredthatpeoplewhoworkedwithcattleoftensufferedfromaharmlessdiseasewhichtheycaughtfromthecattle,butthesepeopleneverseemedtogetsmallpox.(上海1997B篇)
2.MyparentswantedtoknowifIwassure,ifIknewwhatitmeantandwhetherIrealizedthatifIgaveupmyjobtraining,itwouldbeverydifficulttogetagoodjob.(上海1997A篇)
3.VictorProzorov’sdisappointmentwassharedbyseveralgrandmasterswhowerepresent,someofwhomweresoupsetthattheyshoutedatthecomputer---abetterchessplayer.(NMETl991C篇)
4.Decisionisnotunlikepoker–itoftenmatternotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.(NMET2000C篇)
5.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence,accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.(NMET2003B篇)
6.Havingchosenfamilytelevisionprogramsandwomen’smagazines,thetoothpastemarketer,forinstance,mustselecttheexacttelevisionprogramsandstationsaswellasthespecificwomen’smagazinestobeused.
7.Inthe1970shewasasurgeonatYale,hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren,buthewasterriblyunhappy.
8.Discrimination(歧视)isn’ttheironlyconcern;
almosteveryonetestingpositivefortheHuntington’sgene(基因)developssymptoms(症状)duringmiddleage,anddoctorscandonothingtohelp.
9.Ican’tliveinfearofthepossibilitythatastheearth’spopulationgrowsandweusemoreandmoreofournonrenewable(不能再生的)resources,ourchildrenmayhavetoleadpoorerlives.
10.However,thoseofuswhoareparentsofchildreninthisagegroupknowthatsuchoffersarerelativelyrareandthatmanyliberal-artsstudents(文科生)graduatewiththebeliefthattheprospective(预期的)workplacemaynothaveaplaceforthem..
11.Hisjourneytothee-mailhellbeganinnocently(无知地)enoughwhen,aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational,asoftwarecompany,hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.
12.Ihaveknownchangesforthebetterandchangesfortheworse,butIhaveneverquestionedthefactthatwhetherIlikeditornot,changewasunavoidable.
13.Theyalsofoundthatthebusconductorhadamajorroleinpreventingvandalism(故意破坏行为),andatthetimeshewentupthestairstotheupperdecktocollectfares,vandalismdidnotoftenoccur.
14.Suchtasksaregenerallyimportantintheiroutcome,whichonlyaddstothepressuretodogoodjob,andyettheirverycomplexitymakesitdifficulttoknowjustwhereorhowtobegin.
15.Todayitisnotunusualforastudent,evenifheworksparttimeatcollegeandfulltimeduringthesummer,tohave$5,000inloans(贷款)afterfouryears—loansthathemuststarttorepaywithinoneyearaftergraduation.
16.Whatemerges(浮现