国际经济学题库英文版Word文档格式.docx

国际经济学题库英文版Word文档格式.docx

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and

aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLW<

aLC*/aLW*,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.

/

istherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLW<

Pc/Pw<

aLC*/aLW*HomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.

5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.

aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If

<

theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals（L/aLC）/（L*/aLW*）.Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas（1/aLC）（Pc/Pw）－1/aLW

6.Inspecificfactorsmodel（QM=QM（K,LM）;

QF=QF（T,LF）;

L=LM+LF）,ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice

insideHomeis

.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas

.

7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan’tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanother

SecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.

8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetween

relativeabundanceandrelativeintensity

9.Accordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.

10.Accordingto罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.

11.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.

12.Accordingto要素价格均等化命题Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence（收敛）ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.（完整的要素价格均等化）

13.Threeassumptions（假设）crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare

（1）两个国家都生产两种产品bothcountriesproducebothgoods

（2）两国技术相同technologiesarethesame（3）存在贸易壁垒：

天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade:

naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers.

14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas里昂惕夫悖论Leontiefparadox.

15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases（特殊情况）of标准贸易模型standardtrademodels

16.Thestandardtrademodelderives（派生推导）aworldrelativesupplycurve（曲线）fromproductionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferences.

17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline（下降）ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration（恶化）ofthetermsoftradeswapover（交换）theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowth（贫困化增长）.

18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth（贫困化增长）.

19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep.

20.Accordingto“梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox”,tariffsandexportsubsidies（补贴）mighthaveperverse（有害的）effectsoninternalprice.

21.Inthemodelof“Monopolistic（垄断）CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.

22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms（企业集群）maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:

specializedsupplies,labormarketpooling,knowledgespillovers（知识溢出）

23.Thepatternofintraindustry（产业内）tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.

39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies（外部经济）,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedbyeconomicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantage.

24.Theindexes（指标）ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:

25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry（产业内）tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies、scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource（主要来源）ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.

26.Theargumentoftemporary（暂时的）protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargument

27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:

termsoftradegainandefficiencyloss

28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?

——tradepolitics

29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy（贸易政策的政治经济学）,governmentareassumedto（被假定为）maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan国家福利nationalwelfare.

30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargument

31.Accordingto“Specificrule（对症规则）”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources.

32.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.Firstdomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblems’sources;

Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy.

33.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.集体行动问题Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.

34.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:

GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS

35.“Nondiscriminatory”principles（非歧视性原则）includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple

36.Forpreferential（优惠）tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity（必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体）

37.Whetheracustomsunion（关税同盟）isdesirable（可取）orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion.

38.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives（涉及两个目标）:

promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy.

39.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives:

promoting

industrializationandcopingwiththeproblemsofthedualeconomy.Correspondingly,therearetwomainargumentsfordevelopingcountriestopursuepolicyofimport-substitutingindustrialization.Thetwoargumentsaretheinfantindustryargumenttandmarketfailurejustificationforinfantindustryprotection.

40.Sophisticatedproponentsoftheinfantindustryargumenthaveidentifiedtwomarketfailuresasreasonswhyinfantindustryprotectionmaybeagoodidea:

TheimperfectcapitalmarketsjustificationandTheappropriabilityargument.

PartⅡ.TrueorFalse（trueandfalsearedenotedby“T”and“F”,respectively）

1.IfaLW*/aLC*<

aLW/aLC,Home’srelativeproductivityincheeseishigher.（T）

2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.Thegoodforwhich

>

willbeproducedinForeign.（F）

3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.（T）

4.Long-runconvergence（长期收敛）inproductivity（生产力）produceslong-runconvergenceinwages.（T）

5.“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;

ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”（F）

6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified（不合格）.Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe“competitive”orthatthetradebe“fair”.（T）

7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.（F）

8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.（F）

9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.（F）

10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegree（预测一个极端的程度）ofspecialization（专业化）.（T）

11.TheRicardianModelneglects（忽略）theeffectsonincomedistribution.（T）

12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.（T）

13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.（T）

14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.（T）

15.Theopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedby（表示）MPLM/MPLF.（F）

16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsontherealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.（T）

17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.（F）

18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry’sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidies（补贴）toredistribute（重新分配）incometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.（T）

19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.（T）

20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.（F）

21.Conflictsofinterest（利益冲突）withinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.（T）

22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.（T）

23.Theformulationoftradepolicy（贸易政策的制定）isakindofpoliticalprocess（政治进程）.（T）

24.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescan’tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabu