元音辅音和差别Word文件下载.docx

元音辅音和差别Word文件下载.docx

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浊辅音

[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]

3个鼻音

[m][n][N]

3个似拼音

[h][r][l]

2个半元音

[w][j]

二，其次我们看理论定义：

元音（vowel）发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔，阻力极小并无摩擦声音的语音。

半元音的发音方法与元音相同。

但常被视为辅音；

yawn（打呵欠）中的y音，walk（步行）中的w音是半元音。

元音，又称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。

元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。

发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。

发元音时声带必然震动，这叫做浊音。

也有的语言发元音时声带不振动，发出清元音（voicelessvowel）。

英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。

其中元音音素20个，辅音音素24个。

辅音：

不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，这样的语音称为辅音。

辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的主要音。

英语中有24个辅音。

（有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]也归为辅音，即有28个辅音，共48个音素。

）

辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分，同样的发音位置，如果声带震动就是浊辅音，如果声带不震动就是清辅音了

如：

。

[p][t][k]三个音发音时声带不振动，叫做清辅音，[b][d][g]三个音发音时声带振动，叫做浊辅音。

[f][s][h][W][F]五个音为清辅音，[v][z][r][w][j][T][V]七个音为浊辅音。

元音字母是26个字母中的aeiou其他的是辅音字母

注意：

元音字母和元音不同辅音字母和辅音不同

另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。

发清辅音时声带不会振动，发浊辅音时声带会振动。

ABriefLookattheHistoryofEnglish

ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledOldEnglish（orAnglo-Saxon）,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.TheearliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.D.,thoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventhcentury,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheeleventhcenturyorabitlater.BythattimeLatin,OldNorse（thelanguageoftheVikinginvaders）,andespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthelexicon,andthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.ThefollowingbriefsampleofOldEnglishproseillustratesseveralofthesignificantwaysinwhichchangehassotransformedEnglishthatwemustlookcarefullytofindpointsofresemblancebetweenthelanguageofthetenthcenturyandourown.ItistakenfromAelfric'

s"

HomilyonSt.GregorytheGreat"

andconcernsthefamousstoryofhowthatpopecametosendmissionariestoconverttheAnglo-SaxonstoChristianityafterseeingAnglo-SaxonboysforsaleasslavesinRome:

Eftheaxode,huð

æ

reð

eodenamawæ

reþ

ehiofcomon.Himwæ

sgeandwyrd,þ

thiAnglegenemnodewæ

ron.Þ

acwæ

ð

he,"

RihtlicehisindAnglegehatene,forð

anð

ehienglawlitehabbað

andswilcumgedafenað

þ

thionheofonumenglageferanbeon."

Afewofthesewordswillberecognizedasidenticalinspellingwiththeirmodernequivalents--he,of,him,for,and,on--andtheresemblanceofafewotherstofamiliarwordsmaybeguessed--namatoname,comontocome,wæ

retowere,wæ

stowas--butonlythosewhohavemadeaspecialstudyofOldEnglishwillbeabletoreadthepassagewithunderstanding.Thesenseofitisasfollows:

"

Againhe[St.Gregory]askedwhatmightbethenameofthepeoplefromwhichtheycame.ItwasansweredtohimthattheywerenamedAngles.Thenhesaid,'

RightlyaretheycalledAnglesbecausetheyhavethebeautyofangels,anditisfittingthatsuchastheyshouldbeangels'

companionsinheaven.'

Someofthewordsintheoriginalhavesurvivedinalteredform,includingaxode（asked）,hu（how）,rihtlice（rightly）,engla（angels）,habbað

（have）,swilcum（such）,heofonum（heaven）,andbeon（be）.Others,however,havevanishedfromourlexicon,mostlywithoutatrace,includingseveralthatwerequitecommonwordsinOldEnglish:

eft"

again,"

ð

eode"

people,nation,"

cwæ

said,spoke,"

gehatene"

called,named,"

wlite"

appearance,beauty,"

andgeferan"

companions."

Recognitionofsomewordsisnaturallyhinderedbythepresenceoftwospecialcharacters,þ

called"

thorn,"

andð

edh,"

whichservedinOldEnglishtorepresentthesoundsnowspelledwithth.

Otherpointsworthnotingincludethefactthatthepronounsystemdidnotyet,inthelatetenthcentury,includethethirdpersonpluralformsbeginningwithth-:

hiappearswherewewouldusethey.Severalaspectsofwordorderwillalsostrikethereaderasoddlyunlikeours.Subjectandverbareinvertedafteranadverb--þ

he"

Thensaidhe"

--aphenomenonnotunknowninModernEnglishbutnowrestrictedtoafewadverbssuchasneverandrequiringthepresenceofanauxiliaryverblikedoorhave.Insubordinateclausesthemainverbmustbelast,andsoanobjectoraprepositionmayprecedeitinawaynolongernatural:

ehiofcomon"

whichtheyfromcame,"

forð

becausetheyangels'

beautyhave."

PerhapsthemostdistinctivedifferencebetweenOldandModernEnglishreflectedinAelfric'

ssentencesistheelaboratesystemofinflections,ofwhichwenowhaveonlyremnants.Nouns,adjectives,andeventhedefinitearticleareinflectedforgender,case,andnumber:

（of）thepeople"

isfeminine,genitive,andsingular,Angle"

Angles"

ismasculine,accusative,andplural,andswilcum"

such"

ismasculine,dative,andplural.Thesystemofinflectionsforverbswasalsomoreelaboratethanours:

forexample,habbað

have"

endswiththe-að

suffixcharacteristicofpluralpresentindicativeverbs.Inaddition,thereweretwoimperativeforms,foursubjunctiveforms（twoforthepresenttenseandtwoforthepreterit,orpast,tense）,andseveralotherswhichwenolongerhave.EvenwhereModernEnglishretainsaparticularcategoryofinflection,theformhasoftenchanged.OldEnglishpresentparticiplesendedin-endenot-ing,andpastparticiplesboreaprefixge-（asgeandwyrd"

answered"

above）.

TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyfromthetwelfthcenturythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrench（andLatin,oftenbywayofFrench）uponthelexiconcontinuedthroughoutthisperiod,thelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothers（oftentoafinalunstressedvowelspelled-e）accelerated,andmanychangestookplacewithinthephonologicalandgrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.Atypicalprosepassage,especiallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,willnothavesuchaforeignlooktousasAelfric'

sprosehas;

butitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.ThefollowingbriefpassageisdrawnfromaworkofthelatefourteenthcenturycalledMandeville'

sTravels.Itisfictionintheguiseoftravelliterature,and,thoughitpurportstobefromthepenofanEnglishknight,itwasoriginallywritteninFrenchandlatertranslatedintoLatinandEnglish.InthisextractMandevilledescribesthelandofBactria,apparentlynotanaltogetherinvitingplace,asitisinhabitedby"

fullyuele[evil]folkandfullcruell."

Inþ

atlondbentreesþ

atberenwolle,asþ

oghitwereofscheep;

whereofmenmakenclothes,andallþ

ingþ

atmaybenmadeofwolle.Inþ

atcontreebenmanyipotaynes,þ

atdwellensomtymeinthewater,andsomtymeonthelond:

andþ

eibenhalfmanandhalfhors,asIhaueseydbefore;

eietenmen,whanþ

eimaytakehem.Andþ

erebenryueresandwatresþ

atbenfullebyttere,þ

reesithesmoreþ

anisthewaterofthesee.Inþ

atcontré

benmanygriffounes,moreplenteeþ

aninonyothercontree.Summenseynþ

atþ

eihanthebodyvpwardasanegle,andbenetheasalyoun:

andtreulyþ

eiseynsothþ

eibenofþ

atschapp.Butogriffounhaththebodymoregret,andismorestrong,þ

anneeightlyouns,ofsuchelyounsasbenothishalf;

andmoregretandstrongereþ

ananhundredegles,sucheaswehanamongesvs.Forogriffounþ

erewilberefleyngetohisnestagrethors,3ifhemayfyndehimatthepoynt,ortwooxen3okedtogidere,asþ

eigonattheplowgh.

Thespellingisoftenpeculiarbymodernstandardsandeveninconsistentwithinthesefewsentences（contré

andcontree,o[griffoun]anda[grethors],þ

anneandþ

an,forexample）.Moreover,intheoriginaltext,thereisinadditiontothornanotheroldcharacter3,called"

yogh,"

tomakedifficulty.Itcanrepresentseveralsoundsbutheremaybethoughtofasequivalenttoy.Eventheolderspellings（includingthosewhereustandsforvorviceversa）arerecognizable,however,andthereareonlyafewwordslikeipotaynes"

hippopotamuses"

andsithes"

times"

thathavedroppedoutofthelanguagealtogether.Wemaynoticeafewwordsandphrasesthathavemeaningsnolongercommonsuchasbyttere"

salty,"

othishalf"

onthissideoftheworld,"

andatthepoynt"

tohand,"

andtheeffectofthecenturies-longdominanceofFrenchonthevocabularyisevidentinmanyfamiliarwordswhichcouldnothaveoccurredinAelfric'

swritingevenifhissubjecthadallowedthem,wordslikecontree,ryueres,plentee,egle,andlyoun.

Ingeneralwordorderisnowveryclosetothatofourtime,thoughwenoticeconstructionslikehaththebodymoregretandthreesithesmoreþ

anisthewaterofthesee.Wealsonoticethatpresenttenseverbsstillreceiveapluralinflectionasinberen,dwellen,han,andbenandthatwhilenominativeþ

eihasreplacedAelfric'

shiinthethirdpersonplural,theformforobjectsisstillhem.Allthesame,thenumberofinflectionsfornouns,adjectives,andverbshasbeengreatlyreduced,andinmostrespectsMandevilleisclosertoModernthantoOldEnglish.

TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoourownday.TheearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninthephonologyofEnglishthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelyredistributedtheoccurrenceofthevowelphonemestosomethingapproximatingtheirpresentpattern.（Mandeville'

sEnglishwouldhavesoundedevenlessfamiliartousthanitlooks.）Otherimportantearlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinf