元音辅音和差别Word文件下载.docx

1、浊辅音 dgvzTVdVdrdz 3个鼻音 m n N 3个似拼音 h r l 2个半元音 w j 二， 其次我们看理论定义：元音（vowel）发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔，阻力极小并无摩擦声音的语音。半元音的发音方法与元音相同。但常被视为辅音；yawn（打呵欠）中的y音 ，walk（步行）中的w音是半元音。元音，又称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。发元音时声带必然震动，这叫做浊音。也有的语言发元音

2、时声带不振动，发出清元音（voiceless vowel）。英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。其中元音音素20个，辅音音素24个。 辅音：不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有24个辅音。（有的书将ts、dz、tr、dr 也归为辅音，即有28个辅音，共48个音素。） 辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分，同样的发音位置，如果声带震动就是浊辅音，如果声带不震动就是清辅音了如：。p t k三个音发音时声带不振动，叫做清辅音，b d g 三个音发音时声带振动，叫做浊辅音。f s h W F 五个

3、音为清辅音，v z r w j T V 七个音为浊辅音。元音字母是26个字母中的a e i o u 其他的是辅音字母 注意：元音字母和元音不同 辅音字母和辅音不同 另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。发清辅音时声带不会振动，发浊辅音时声带会振动。A Brief Look at the History of EnglishThe history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old English （or Anglo-Saxon）,

4、Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century o

5、r a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse （the language of the Viking invaders）, and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the gramm

6、ar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is tak

7、en from Aelfrics Homily on St. Gregory the Great and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:Eft he axode, hu re eode nama wre e hi of comon. Him ws geandwyrd, t hi Angle

8、 genemnode wron. a cw he, Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for an e hi engla wlite habba, and swilcum gedafena t hi on heofonum engla geferan beon.A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents - he, of, him, for, and, on - and the resemblance of a few

9、 others to familiar words may be guessed - nama to name, comon to come, wre to were, ws to was - but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: Again he St. Gregory asked what might be the name of the pe

10、ople from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels companions in heaven. Some of the words in the original have survived in altered fo

11、rm, including axode （asked）, hu （how）, rihtlice （rightly）, engla （angels）, habba （have）, swilcum （such）, heofonum （heaven）, and beon （be）. Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft again, eode people, n

12、ation, cwsaid, spoke, gehatene called, named, wlite appearance, beauty, and geferan companions. Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, , called thorn, and edh, which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th. Other points wo

13、rth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and verb are inverted afte

14、r an adverb - he Then said he - a phenomenon not unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a preposition may precede it in a way n

15、o longer natural:e hi of comon which they from came, for because they angels beauty have.Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English reflected in Aelfrics sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the

16、definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number:（of） the people is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle Angles is masculine, accusative, and plural, and swilcum such is masculine, dative, and plural. The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than ours: for example, h

17、abbahave ends with the -a suffix characteristic of plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four subjunctive forms （two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense）, and several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English retains

18、 a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- （as geandwyrd answered above）. The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence

19、of French （and Latin, often by way of French） upon the lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others （often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e） accelerated, and many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the lan

20、guage. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfrics prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandevi

21、lles Travels. It is fiction in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether invi

22、ting place, as it is inhabited by full yuele evil folk and full cruell.In at lond ben trees at beren wolle, as ogh it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes, and all ing at may ben made of wolle. In at contree ben many ipotaynes, at dwellen som tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond: and ei b

23、en half man and half hors, as I haue seyd before;ei eten men, whan ei may take hem. And ere ben ryueres and watres at ben fulle byttere, ree sithes more an is the water of the see. In at contr ben many griffounes, more plentee an in ony other contree. Sum men seyn at ei han the body vpward as an egl

24、e, and benethe as a lyoun: and treuly ei seyn soth ei ben of at schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret, and is more strong, anne eight lyouns, of suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret and strongere an an hundred egles, suche as we han amonges vs. For o griffoun ere wil bere fleynge

25、to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked togidere, as ei gon at the plowgh.The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within these few sentences （contr and contree, o griffoun and a gret hors, anne and an, for example）. Moreover, in

26、the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called yogh, to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings （including those where u stands for v or vice versa） are recognizable, however, and there

27、 are only a few words like ipotaynes hippopotamuses and sithes times that have dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as byttere salty, o this half on this side of the world, and at the poynt to hand, and the effect of t

28、he centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfrics writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun. In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though

29、 we notice constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more an is the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while nominative ei has replaced Aelfrics hi in the third person plural, the f

30、orm for objects is still hem. All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English. The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of

31、this period saw the completion of a revolution in the phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something approximating their present pattern. （Mandevilles English would have sounded even less familiar to us than it looks.） Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct inf