Unit 6 English Legal System Part 2Word文档格式.docx

Unit 6 English Legal System Part 2Word文档格式.docx

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decidingwhatremedytoawardorpunishmenttoimpose;

andgivingreasonsforsuchdecision.JudgesaredisqualifiedfrommembershipoftheHouseofCommons.AnditisgenerallyacceptedthatjudgesotherthantheLordChancellorshouldnotholdministerialofficeorsitintheCabinet.

除大法官外，任何法官不得担任行政职务或在内阁任职。

4.Hearing

4.1CivilTrial

TheciviltrialintheUnitedKingdomisregardedmostimportant.Foronething,itservesasfinalpointfortheresolutionofdisputes,foranother,itisthroughthetrialthatprecedentsmaybesetwhichwillbeusedastheguidetothelawsappliedinthelatercomparablecases.Withoutdecisionsofsuchanaturethelawwouldstagnate,failingtoaddressthemanyexistingandfutureproblemswhichsocietypresents.

A.AdversarialProcedure

Adversarialprocedureisthefundamental,characteristicfeatureofEnglishCiviljustice.

辩论式的诉讼程序是英国民事审判的基本特征

Ineverycivildisputetherearetwoadversaries:

oneassertingarightandtheotherdenyingit.

Atthebeginningofatrial,theopeningspeechismadeonbehalfoftheplaintiff.Followingtheopeningspeechtherecomesthequestioningofwitnessesbythecounselonthesameside.Counselfortheplaintiffwillcalleachwitnessinturn.Awitnessisquestionedtoextracttestimonywhichisexpectedtobefavorabletotheplaintiff.Theplaintiff’ssolicitorwillhavepreparedinadvanceastatementoftheevidencealreadygivenbythewitness,whichwillbeusedbythecounselasthebasisofhisorherquestions.

Attheconclusionoftheaboveprocedure,counselforthedefendantisgiventheopportunitytocross-examineinanattempttoshakethetestimonyofthewitnessortoextractinformationusefultothedefendant’scase.Ultimately,thejudgeisrequiredtogiveareasonedjudgment,statingtheconclusionsonthefactualissuesindisputeandthelegalimplicationsofthesethingsoffact.

最后，法官作出慎密的判决，陈述对纠纷事实的结论和这个事实结论将产生的（法律）结果。

B.JuryTrialandJudgeTrial

Thequalifiedrighttojurytrialappliesincasesiffraud,libel,slander,maliciousprosecutionandfalseimprisonment.

陪审团审判适用于欺诈、诽谤、造谣、恶意诉讼和非法监禁

Incivilmattersthejudgenormallysitsalonetodeterminetheoutcomeoftheaction.Butthereareanumberofsituationsinwhichthejudgemayhaveassistanceofotherssittingwithhimorher.

C.JudgmentandRemedies

Ajudgmentisawrittendecisioninwhichthejudgewillnormallysetoutthefactsofthecaseasheorshehasdecided.Theremediesavailableincivilproceedingsarevarious.PayingforthedamagesisthemostlikelyremedysoughtinanactionintheQueen’sBench,andtheplaintiffmaybeseekingtherecoveryofproperty,oneofthemanyequitableremedies,suchasanorderforspecificperformance,oraninjunction.

4.2CriminalTrial

A.SummaryTrial

Inasummarytrialwheretheaccusedispresent,theinformationisreadoutbythemagistrates’clerk.Theaccusedisaskedtopleadguiltyornotguilty.Theaccused’spleamustbemadeunambiguous,andshouldnormallybemadepersonally.Theaccused’srespondsdeterminestheremainderoftheprocedure.

Iftheaccusedentersaguiltyplea,thecourtcanproceedtohearthefactsofthecasefromtheprosecution.Apleaofnotguiltynormallyresultsinanimmediateadjournmenttoanagreeddateforcourthearingsothattheprosecutionanddefensecanassembletheirwitnesses.Attheadjournedhearingtheprocedurewillfollowthenormaladversariallines.Theprosecutionisentitledtoaddressthecourtthroughanopeningspeechandwillthenleadevidencethroughwitnesseswhowillbesubjecttoexamination.

B.TrailonIndictment

Ifapleaofnotguiltyisentered,ajuryoftwelvepeoplewillbeempanelled.Theindictmentwillbereadtothejurywhichwillbetoldofitsobligationtolistentotheevidenceandtodetermineguiltorinnocence.

5.AppealsandJudicialReview

5.1Appeals

Commonlawdoesnotrecognizeanyrightsofappeal.Anappealmaybeprovidedbyastute.Soanappealwillonlybeavailableifastatutehassoprovided.Theappealsarepresentedinfourgroups:

（1）summarycriminalproceedingsandcivilproceedingsoriginatinginmagistrates’courts;

（2）criminalproceedingsonindictment;

（3）civilcasesoriginatinginacountrycourtortheHighCourt;

and（4）appealsinadministrativelawmatters.

5.2JudicialReview

Onanapplicationforjudicialreview,theapplicantmayclaimaremedyandmaybeawardeddamagesifthereisagoodcauseofaction.

如果有充分的诉由，申请人可以要求补救并可以给予损失赔偿金。

Theprocedureisintwostages.TheapplicantmustfirstobtainleavefromaHighCourtjudgeoftheQueen’sBenchDivision.Wheretheapplicationforleaveisrefused,theapplicantmayrenewitbyapplying,inacriminalcase,toaDivisionalCourt,andinacivilcase,toajudgesittinginopencourt.Theapplicantmustspecifythereliefsoughtandthegroundsforhis/herclaimandfileanaffidavitverifyingthefactsreliedon.

6.LegalProfession

ThelegalprofessionintheUnitedKingdomisdividedintotwobranches:

barristersandsolicitors.Thejudiciaryisselectedfrompractitioners,usuallybarristers.

法官从执业律师中选出，通常从出庭律师中选出

Eachprofessionhasdevelopedindependently,andeachhasitsowncontrollingbody.Itisnotpossibleforanyonetobequalifiedinbothbranchesatthesametime,althoughabarristermaybecomeasolicitorandasolicitormaybecomeabarrister.Bothmaygivelegaladvice,butthesolicitordirecttotheclient.

6.1Solicitors

InordertoqualifyasasolicitoritisnecessaryforanyonetocompleteanexaminationsetbytheLawSociety.TheLawSocietyisresponsibleforenrollingsolicitors,prescribingqualifications,settingthequalifyingexaminations,issuingpracticingcertificatesandpreservingminimumstandardsofbehavior.Inorderforapersontobecomeasolicitor,he/shemustserveaperiodunderarticleswithasolicitor,whichmeansspendingtwoyearswithafirmofsolicitorsgainingexperienceinanumberofareasoflaw,andthenhe/sheissupposedtofileanapplicationwiththeLawSocietyforadmissionasasolicitor.

6.2Barristers

Barristersusuallypresentcasesincourt.Theyusuallypreparetheformalpleadingswhichsummarizetheclaimandthedefensetothecourt.Theyalsogiveopinionsondifficultlegalquestions.TherearefourinnsofcourtintheUnitedKingdom,namely,Lincoln’sinn,Gray’sInn,theinnerTempleandtheMiddleTemple.Ifapersoniswillingtobecomeabarristerhe/shemusttaketheexaminations.Havingpassedtheexaminationandkeptterm,astudentmustbecomethepupilofaseniorbarristerforaperiodofsixmonthsbeforebeingallowedtopracticeonhis/herown.

一个人要想成为大律师，他/她必须首先申请进入四大律师学院之一学习，参加考试。

在通过考试和完成学业后，她还必须给一名资深律师作为期六个月的学徒，然后才允许自己开业。

NEWWORDS:

adjudicate（v.）判决,裁决

administrative（adj.）管理的;

行政的

warrant（n.）授权;

令状,搜查令,逮捕令

circuit（n.）巡回审判

barrister（n.）（英）专门律师,出庭律师

successive（adj.）连接的,连续的,相继的

preside（over）（v.）主管,主持

admissibility（n.）容许提出证据

remedy（n.）法律补救办法

award（v./n.）判给;

判决

disqualify（v.）使不合格;

取消…的资格

ministerial（adj.）部长的,大臣的;

resolution（n.）决定,决议;

stagnate（v.）淤塞;

停滞

adversarial（adj.）敌手的,对手的

fundamental（adj.）

adversary（n./adj.）敌人,对手;

敌手的,对手的

assert（v.）断言,声称

plaintiff（n.）原告

counsel（v.）商议,审议

favorable（adj.）赞同的;

有利的

solicitor（n.）（英）初级律师

defendant（n.）被告

cross-examine（v.）盘问;

反诘问

extract（v.）取出;

推断出,设法得到

factual（adj.）（根据）事实的;

真实的

implication（n.）含意,含蓄;

暗示,暗指

fraud（n.）诈骗（罪）

libel（n.）诽谤（罪）

slander（n.）口头诽谤（罪）

malicious（adj.）恶意的

prosecution（n.）起诉;

检举

damages（n.）损失赔偿费

recovery（n.）（根据判决）对损失财物的收回,重新获得

equitable（adj.）衡平法的

injunction（n.）禁制令

plead（v.）辩护;

认罪

unambiguous（adj.）不含糊的,明确的

remainder（n.）剩余部分;

剩余财产,剩余财产承受权

plea（n.）申诉,答辩

adjournment（n.）休会,延期

adjourn（v.）休会,延期,推迟作出决定

assemble（v.）集合,召集;

收集

empanel（v.）挑选陪审团;

将…列入陪审团名单

astute（adj.）敏锐的,精明的;

狡猾的

renew（v.）更新;

更换;

继续下去

grounds（n.）理由

affidavit（n.）宣誓书

practitioner（n.）开业者,执业者

prescribe（v.）规定

admission（n.）承认,确认;

录取,任命

pleadings（n.）诉状,答辩状

summarize（v.）总结;

即决

Notes:

1.theHouseofCommons:

（英）下议院

2.astatementoftheevidence:

证据的书面陈词

3.LawSociety:

律师公会

4.fourinnsofcourt:

Lincoln’sInn,Gray’sInn,theInnerTemple,theMiddleTemple:

林肯律师学院,格雷律师学院,内殿律师学院,中殿律师学院

Exercise1

Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext:

1.WhatqualificationshouldabarristerhaveifheistobeappointedasaCircuitjudge?

2.IsajudgequalifiedtobeelectedaCabinetmember?

3.WhatisthefundamentalfeatureofEnglishciviljustice?

4.WhatisthefinalstepforaBritishciviltrialprocedure?

5.Whatcasesar