本科生文献翻译中英文文档格式.docx

本科生文献翻译中英文文档格式.docx

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ThispaperfirstprovidesanoverviewofthecontextofrenewableenergydevelopmentinChina,includingthecountry’srecentrenewableenergylegislation.Further,itsummarizesthecurrentstatusofrenewableenergydevelopmentandtheroleitplaysinthenationalenergysupply.Nextitintroducesthenationalindicativetargetsforrenewableenergiesin2010and2020,andconductsalongtermscenariooftheroleofrenewableenergiesinChina’senergysystemtransitiontill2050.ItdiscussesthemainrisksinvolvedinChina’srenewableenergydevelopment,andproposessomepolicymeasuresforriskmanagement.

Keywords:

Renewableenergy,Energysupply,Marketdevelopment,Publicpolicy,China

1.Introduction

Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryaswellasthesecondlargestenergyconsumerandcarbondioxideemitterintheworld.China’senergyissuehasrecentlybecomeafocusofmanytalksregardingglobalenergy,environment,andsecurity.Domestically,itisthefirsttimethattheChineseCentralGovernmentsetatargetforimprovingenergyefficiencyoftheeconomytogetherwiththeeconomicgrowthtargetinitssocialandeconomicdevelopmentplanduringthe11thFive-Year-Planperiod1,whichwasendorsedbytheCongressinMarch2006.ThefeaturesofChina’senergysystemevolutioninthefuturewillhavesignificantimplicationsonglobalenergyinvestment,energymarketrestructuring,andenvironmentalprotection.IncreasingtheshareofrenewableenergiescouldbeanimportantdimensionofChina’senergysystemtransition.

China’sRenewableEnergyLawwaspassedbytheCongressonFebruary28,2005,andtookeffectonJanuary1,2006.TheLawrecognizesthestrategicroleofrenewableenergiesinoptimizingChina’senergysupplymix,mitigatingenvironmentalpollution,improvingenergysupplysecurity,andpromotingruralsocialdevelopment.ItalsodirectlyrelatesrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationtoChina’senergysystemtransition.Moreimportantly,theLawlargelyshapesanintegratedrenewableenergypolicyframeworkbyprovidingasetofdirectivesencouragingrenewableenergies,includingnationalrenewableenergytargets,afeed-intariff,aspecialfiscalfund,taxrelief,andpublicR&

Dsupportaswellaseducationandtraining.

ItisacceptedbeyonddoubtthatanenablingenvironmentforrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationisemerginginChina.WhilerecognizingthenewopportunitiesthattheLawbringsforChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization,itmustalsobenotedthatthemaintechnological,financial,andinstitutionalrisksassociatedwithChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationstillremain.Thecontextofthecountry’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilizationhasneverbeenthiscomplex.TowhatextentwillrenewableenergiescontributetoChina’ssustainableenergysystemtransition?

WhatarethecharacteristicsofthemainrisksforChina’srenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization?

Whatpoliciesandstrategiesshouldbeinplacetomanagetherisks?

Althoughthesequestionshavebeenaddressedtosomeextentbyanumberofstudiesinthepast,yetthosestudieswerenotabletotakethecontextofChina’snewcomplexrenewableenergydevelopmentintoaccount.Asaconsequence,itisofsignificanceandrequiredtocarryoutanewstudytogainanswerstothesequestions,whichwouldlargelycontributetoformulatingChina’snewstrategyforrenewableenergydevelopmentandutilization.

Thepaperisstructuredasfollows:

Section2givesanoverviewofthecontextofrenewableenergydevelopmentinChina,includingthecountry’srecentrenewableenergylegislation.Section3summarizesthecurrentstatusofrenewableenergydevelopmentandtherolethatitplaysinnationalenergysupply.Next,itintroducesthenationalindicativetargetsforrenewableenergiesin2010and2020,andconductsastudyofthelongtermscenariooftherolethatrenewableenergiesplayinChina’senergysystemtransitiontill2050.Itdiscussesthemainrisksinvolvedinthecountry’srenewableenergydevelopment,andproposessomepolicymeasuresforriskmanagement.

2.Contextofrenewableenergydevelopment

2.1.Renewableenergyresources

Chinahasabundantrenewableenergyresources.Thecountry’sannualsolarenergyrangesfrom3360to8400MJ/m2,andtwothirdsofherarea’ssolarradiationismorethan5020MJ/m2.China’swindenergyresourceisprettyrich,too.Thedevelopmentpotentialoftheon-shorewindresourceisasmuchas253GWata10mheightwithanannualelectricitygenerationofmorethan50billionkWh.China’shydropowerpotentialamountsto400GW;

128GWofwhichisforsmallhydropowerplantswithaninstalledcapacitybelow50MW.Thecountryproduces700milliontonsofagriculturalresidueseachyear,andapproximately350milliontonsofthemcouldbeusedforenergypurposes,equivalentto170milliontonsofcoalequivalent（tce）.Thefirewoodproductionamountsto220milliontonseachyear,equivalentto130milliontce.Further,solidwastesandwastewaterdischargedfromlivestockandpoultryfarmsandlightindustrycouldbeusedtoproduce31billionm3ofbiogas,equivalentto26milliontce.Thevolumeofdischargeofcombustiblemunicipalwaste,arenewablesourceforpowergeneration,hasbeengrowinginmostChinesecities.TakingtheaseofBeijingforexample,itdischarged4.5milliontonsofcombustiblemunicipalwastesin2004,andthevolumewillbegrowingat4–5%peryear.

2.2.Energysupplysecurity

Ingeneralterms,energysecuritymeansthatanation’senergydemandscouldbemetatareasonableprice.ThenewtargetforChina’seconomicdevelopmentsetbythecountry’sgovernmentistoquadruplethegrossdomesticproduct（GDP）accountedforin2000by2020,ensuringChina’sattainmentofawell-offsocietyoverall.Toachievethistarget,thetotalprimaryenergyconsumptionwillreachapproximately3billionstce,oncethesubstantialenergyconservationandeconomicrestructuringeffortsaretakenintoconsideration[1].Underthisscenario,thetotaldemandforoilwillbe0.45billiontonswithmorethan0.2billiontonsrelyingonimports.Naturalgasdemandwillreach160billionm3withadomesticsupplydeficiencyof50–60billionm3.Therefore,therewouldbealargegapbetweenChina’senergydemandandsupplycapacitytoachievethecountry’snewsocialandeconomicdevelopmenttarget,raisingsignificantenergysecurityconcerns.Inadditiontostrengtheningthecountry’senergyconservationefforts,developmentandutilizationofrenewableenergiesseemtobeaninevitablechoicetodiversifyenergysupplyandensureChina’slongtermenergysecurity[2].

Fromanevenfar-sightedperspective,China’sdemandforenergywouldreach5.4billiontcein2050tomaintainhersustainableeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopment.Butthedomestic

supplycapacityofcoal,oil,andnaturalgaswouldbe2.5–2.7billiontons,100–200milliontons,and120–140billionm3,respectively[3].TherisksinvolvedinChina’senergysupplywouldbeevenhigherwithouttheincreasingenergysupplyfromrenewableenergies.

2.3.Environmentalmanagement

China’stotalprimaryenergyconsumptionwasapproximately2032milliontcein2004,ofwhichcoal,oil,andnaturalgasaccountfor68%,22.33%,and2.60%,respectively[4].Theconsumptionofahugeamountoffossilfuelshascausedseverelocal,regional,andglobalenvironmentalpollution.Now,one-thirdofthewholecountryareaissufferingfromacidrain,andthecombustionoffossilfuelscontributes90%ofthesulfurdioxideemissionscausingthisproblem.Theeconomicdamagefromairpollutioncausedbytheburningoffossilfuelswasestimatedat2–3%ofGDP[5].ChinaiscurrentlythesecondlargestCO2emitterintheworld,justaftertheUnitedStates.However,thereisapossibilitythatby2025,China’sCO2emissionwouldexceedthatoftheUnitedStates,andbecomethelargestCO2emittingcountryoftheworld[6].ChinahasbeenunderincreasingpressurefromtheworldtoreduceherCO2emissions.IncreasingtheshareofrenewableenergiesinChina’senergysupplymixisoneofthemostimportantmeasurestocontrolthecountry’slocal,regional,andglobalenvironmentalpollution.

2.4.Rural,social,andeconomicdevelopment

Approximately27millionpeoplelivinginremoteandmountainousareasofChinadidnothaveaccesstoelectricitybytheendof2004,andmostofthemareamongthelowestincomeearners.Electricitysupplyplaysaveryimportantroleinpromotingsocialandeconomicdevelopmentinremoteandmountainousareas,andrenewableenergypowergeneratingoptions,suchassmallhydrosystem,small-sizedwindgeneratingsystems,andsolarphotovoltaicsystemsareoftenmorecost-effectivethantheextensionofconventionalpowergrids.

Somerenewableenergytechnologiescanalsoincreasetheproductivityofagriculture.Humanwasteandanimaldungafteranaerobicfermentationinbiogasdigestersarequalityorganic

fertilizers.Boththeoutputandthequalityofvegetablesandfruitscanbeincreasedmarkedlybyusingsuchfertilizers.Moreover,theuseofthesefertilizerscanalsoleadtoadecreaseintheuseofpesticides.Asaresult,biogasdigesterscannotonlyproducethegastobeusedforcookingandlightinginruralhouseholds,butalsohelpfarmersearnmoremoneyfromagriculture.Geothermaltechnologycanbeappliedtoincreasetheoutputandqualityoffisheriesaswell.Solargreenhousesareacommonproductivityraisingtechnologyintheplantationofvegetables,fruits,andflowers.

2.5.Therenewableenergylaw

Recognizingthestrategicsignificanceofre