文学术语汇编Word文档格式.docx
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),andSamuelBeckett,IrishauthorofWaitingforGodot(1954)(此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<
等待戈多>
).Theyprojecttheirrationalism,helplessnessandabsurdityoflifeindramaticformsthatrejectrealisticsettings,logicalreasoning,oracoherentlyevolvingplot.
Blackcomedyorblackhumor:
(黑色幽默)itmostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naï
ve,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheeventsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd.JosephHeller’sCatch-22(美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<
二十二条军规>
)canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.
文学术语汇编2
4.AestheticismortheAestheticMovement(唯美主义):
itbegantoprevailinEuropeatthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”wasfirstputforwardbysomeFrenchartists.Theydeclaredthatartshouldservenoreligious,moralorsocialpurpose.ThetwomostimportantrepresentativesofaestheticistsinEnglishliteratureareWaltPaterandOscarWilde.
5.Allegory(寓言):
ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities,suchasJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.
6.Fable(寓言):
isashortnarrative,inproseorverse,thatexemplifiesanabstractmoralthesisorprincipleofhumanbehavior.Mostcommonisthebeastfable,inwhichanimalstalkandactlikethehumantypestheyrepresent.ThefablesinWesternculturesderivemainlyfromthestoriesattributedtoAesop,aGreekslaveofthesixthcenturyB.C.
7.Parable(寓言):
isaveryshortnarrativeabouthumanbeingspresentedsoastostressanalogywithagenerallessonthatthenarratoristryingtobringhometohisaudience.Forexample,theBiblecontainslotsofparablesemployedbyJesusChristtomakehisflockunderstandhispreach.
(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言,但是内涵并不相同,不要搞混)
8.Alliteration(头韵):
therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsounds.InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf.
9.Consonanceistherepetitionofasequenceoftwoormoreconsonantsbutwithachangeintheinterveningvowel,suchas“liveandlove”.
10.Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalorsimilarvowel,especiallyinstressedsyllables,inasequenceofnearbywords,suchas“childofsilence”.
11.Allusion(典故)isareferencewithoutexplicitidentification,toaliteraryorhistoricalperson,place,orevent,ortoanotherliteraryworkorpassage.Mostliteraryallusionsareintendedtoberecognizedbythegenerallyeducatedreadersoftheauthor’stime,butsomeareaimedataspecialgroup.
12.Ambiguity(复义性):
SinceWilliamEmpson(燕卜荪)publishedSevenTypesofAmbiguity(《复义七型》),thetermhasbeenwidelyusedincriticismtoidentifyadeliberatepoeticdevice:
theuseofasinglewordorexpressiontosignifytwoormoredistinctreferences,ortoexpresstwoormorediverseattitudesorfeeling.
文学术语汇编3
13.Antihero(反英雄):
thechiefcharacterinamodernnovelorplaywhosecharacteristotallydifferentfromthetraditionalheroes.Insteadofmanifestinglargeness,dignity,power,orheroism,theantiheroispetty,passive,ineffectualordishonest.Forexample,theheroineofDefoe’sMollFlandersisathiefandaprostitute.
14.Antithesis(对照):
(afigureofspeech)Anantithesisisoftenexpressedinabalancedsentence,thatis,asentenceinwhichidenticalorsimilarsyntacticstructureisusedtoexpresscontrastingideas.Forexample,“Marriagehasmanypains,butcelibacy(独身生活)hasnopleasures.”bySamuelJohnsonobviouslyemploysantithesis.
15.Archaism(拟古):
theliteraryuseofwordsandexpressionsthathavebecomeobsoleteinthecommonspeechofanera.Forexample,thetranslatorsoftheKingJamesVersionofBiblegaveweightanddignitytotheirprosebyemployingarchaism.
16.Atmosphere(氛围):
theprevailingmoodorfeelingofaliterarywork.Atmosphereisoftendeveloped,atleastinpart,throughdescriptionsofsetting.Suchdescriptionshelptocreateanemotionalclimatetoestablishthereader’sexpectationsandattitudes.
文学术语汇编4
17.Ballad(民谣):
itisasong,transmittedorally,whichtellsastory.Itoriginatedandwascommunicatedorallyamongilliterateoronlypartlyliteratepeople.Itexistsinmanyvariantforms.Themostcommonstanzaform,calledballadstanzaisaquatraininalternatefour-andthree-stresslines;
usuallyonlythesecondandfourthlinesrhyme.AlthoughmanytraditionalballadsprobablyoriginatedinthelateMiddleAge,theywerenotcollectedandprinteduntiltheeighteenthcentury.
18.Climax:
asarhetoricaldeviceitmeansanascendingsequenceofimportance.Asaliteraryterm,itcanalsorefertothepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinastory’sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionaftertheclimaxisreferredtoasthefallingaction,orresolution.Thetermcrisisissometimesusedinterchangeablywithclimax.
19.Anticlimax(突降):
itdenotesawriter’sdeliberatedropfromtheseriousandelevatedtothetrivialandlowly,inordertoachieveacomicorsatiriceffect.ItisarhetoricaldeviceinEnglish.
20.BeatGeneration(垮掉一代):
itreferstoaloose-knitgroupofpoetsandnovelists,writinginthesecondhalfofthe1950sandearly1960s,whosharedasetofsocialattitudes–antiestablishment,antipolitical,anti-intellectual,opposedtotheprevailingcultural,literary,andmoralvalues,andinfavorofunfetteredself-realizationandself-expression.RepresentativesofthegroupincludeAllenGinsberg,JackKerouacandWilliamBurroughs.AndmostfamousliterarycreationsproducedbythisgroupshouldbeAllenGinsberg’slongpoemHowlandJackKerouac’sOntheRoad.
文学术语汇编5
21.Biography(传记):
adetailedaccountofaperson’slifewrittenbyanotherperson,suchasSamuelJohnson’sLivesoftheEnglishPoetsandJamesBoswell’sLifeofSamuelJohnson.
22.Autobiography(自传):
aperson’saccountofhisorherownlife,suchasBenjaminFranklin’sautobiography.
24.Aparody(模仿)imitatestheseriousmannerandcharacteristicfeaturesofaparticularliterarywork,orthedistinctivestyleofaparticularauthor,orthetypicalstylisticandotherfeaturesofaseriousliterarygenre,anddeflatestheoriginalbyapplyingtheimitationtoalowlyorcomicallyinappropriatesubject.
第23个应该是blankverse但系统总说含有不允许的关键字,所以一直发不上来,很郁闷,我把目前编好的一起发到公开邮箱去,大家到那里下载。
文学术语汇编6
25.CelticRevivalalsoknownastheIrishLiteraryRenaissance(爱尔兰文艺复兴)identifiestheremarkablycreativeperiodinIrishliteraturefromabout1880tothedeathofWilliamButlerYeatsin1939.TheaimofYeatsandotherearlyleadersofthemovementwastocreateadistinctivelynationalliteraturebygoingbacktoIrishhistory,legend,andfolklore,aswellastonativeliterarymodels.ThemajorwritersofthismovementincludeWilliamButlerYeats,LadyGregory,JohnMillingtonSyngeandSeanO’Caseyandsoon.
26.Characters(人物)arethepersonsrepresentedinadramaticornarrativework,whoareinterpretedbythereaderasbeingendowedwithparticularmoral,intellectual,andemotionalqualitiesbyinferencesfromthedialogues,actionsandmotivations.E.M.Forsterdividescharactersintotwotypes:
flatcharacter,whichispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;
androundcharacter,whichiscomplexintemperamentandmotivationandisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity.
27.ChivalricRomance(ormedievalromance)(骑士传奇或中世纪传奇)isatypeofnarrativethatdevelopedintwelfth-centuryFrance,spreadtotheliteraturesofothercountries.Itsstandardplotisthatofaquestundertakenbyasingleknightinordertogainalady’sfavor;
frequentlyitscentralinterestiscourtlylove,togetherwithtournamentsfoughtanddragonsandmonstersslain.Itstressesthechivalricidealsofcourage,loyalty,honor,mercifulnesstoanopponent,andelaboratemanners.
28.Comedy:
(喜剧)ingeneral,aliteraryworkthatendshappilywithahealthy,amicablearmisticebetweentheprotagonistandsociety.
29.Farce(闹剧)isatypeofcomedydesignedtoprovoketheaudiencetosimpleandheartylaughter.Todosoitcommonlyemployshighlyexaggeratedtypesofcharactersandputsthemintoimprobableandludicroussituations.
30.Confessionalpoetry(自白派诗歌)designatesatypeofnarrativeandlyricverse,givenimpetusbyRobertLowell’sLifeStudies,whichdealswiththefactsandintimatementalandphysicalexperiencesofthepoet’sownlife.ConfessionalpoetrywaswritteninrebellionagainstthedemandforimpersonalitybyT.S.ElliotandtheNewCriticism.TherepresentativewritersofconfessionalschoolincludeRobertLowell,AnneSextonandSylviaPlathandsoon.
31.CriticalRealism:
(批判现实主义)Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedin