英语基础知识Word文档格式.docx
《英语基础知识Word文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语基础知识Word文档格式.docx（26页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when,after,before,assoonas,until;
if,unless）:
-Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillhaveafootballmatch.
-Adesertareathathasbeenwithoutwaterforsixyearswillstillbloomwhenrain
willcome.（willcome-comes）
二．现在进行时
study-studying;
come-coming;
sit-sitting（forget-forgetting）;
die-dying
通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：
see,hear,smell,taste,know,find,forget,notice,suggest,be,love,like,want,hope,
wish,prefer,hate,understand,remember,believe,have,consist,seem.
1.表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：
-Thestudentsarerunningtothesports-field.
2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：
-Heiswritinganovelthisyear.
3.可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go,come,leave,start等动词，后面也
常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow,tonight,thiscomingFriday等，表
示安排或计划好的事情：
-ThosevisitorsareleavingforWuhantomorrow.
4.用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：
-Theboywhoissittingbesidemeisalwaysaskingmealotofwhysandhows.
-Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.
三．现在完成时
1.表示动作现在刚完成：
-Hissonhasfinishedhishomework.
2.表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：
-It'
ssocoldinhere.Whohasbrokenthewindow?
3.过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since或for短语连用）
-LihasstudiedEnglishfortwentyyears.
-Collectingdollsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears.
b[注]1.副词用：
just,before,already,often,never,ever,always,not...yet或now,today,
thisweek等；
不用过去的时间状语。
2.-Hisgrandmother______forthirtyyears.
a.diedb.haddiedc.hasbeendeadd.hasdied
-Hehasbeeninthearmyfortwoyears.（不能说Hehasjoinedthearmyfor...）
-I______acollegestudentformorethanayear.
a.becameb.havebecomec.wasd.havebeen
-ItisthreeyearssincehesenttotheU.S.
（不能说HehasgonetotheU.S.forthreeyears.）
四．一般过去时
时间状语有:
yesterday,ago,in1978,once,lastweek（month,year）,atthattime,
justnow等，以及由when等引导的句子。
1.表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态：
-OberlinCollegeawardsdegreestobothsexesin1837,buteducaioninAmericancollegesdidnotspreaduntilthesecondhalfofthecentury.（awards-awarded）
2.表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：
-From1910to1927CorraHarris______outanaverageofanovelayear.
a.hasbroughtb.werebringingc.hadbroughtd.brought
3.usedto:
-Weusedtogetupatfiveeverymorningwhenwewereinthecountryside.
五．过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。
-Billsaidthathe______hishomeworkathalfpastsevenyesterdayevening.
a.didb.wasdoingc.isgoingtodod.hasdone
六．过去完成时
1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。
常有by,before,until,assoonas,when,because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去
的时间。
-Bytheendoflastyear,hehadlearnedabout1,000words.
Preposition（G）
1.in,on,atyesterdaymorninginthemorningtomorrowmorning
yesterdayafternoonintheafternoontomorrowafternoon
yesterdayeveningintheeveningtomorrowevening
thismorning
thisafternoonatdawn
thiseveningatnoon
atnight
Before'
day'
weuse'
on'
:
onSunday（Monday..）onSundaymorning
onOct.1ontheafternoonofOct.1
onMayDayonthemorningofMayDay
onNationalDayontheeveningofNationalDay
onChristmasonChristmaseve
onacoldwintermorning,onahotJuneafternoon,etc.
Intheconceptofspace:
arriveinNewYork;
arriveatthestation
inLondon,Tokyo,etc.butatthebusstop
2.overonabove超过（或低于）某高度、标准。
underbeneathbelowe.g.abovethesealevel（海拔）
直上，直下（接触表面的）上下belowOdegree
3.except1.TheyallwenttosleepexcepttheyoungFrenchman.
2.Herarelywentanywhereexcepttohisoffice.
3.Thewindowswereneveropenedexcepttoairtheroomforafewminutes
inthemorning.
besidesBesidesEnglish,hehastostudyGermanandFrench.
exceptfor1.Theroomwasbareoffurnitureexceptforafewchairs.
2.Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.
exceptthat（when,after,etc.）
1.Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong.
2.It'
sasatisfactoryhat,exceptthatitdoesn'
tfitme.
3.Mr.Smithusedtogofishingeveryweekendexceptwhenhewasill.
1.Theartexhibitionwaswelldesigned,______thedisarrangementofafewpiecesof
photos.
a.exceptb.besidesc.exceptford.inadditionto
2.Shehurriedwhensheknewthateverybodywasready______her.
a.exceptb.exceptforc.besided.besides
3.______beingusedinindustry,lasercanbeappliedtooperationsinthehospital.
a.Exceptforb.Exceptthatc.Inadditiontod.Beside
4.______coal,themostimportantnaturalfuelsaregasandoil.
a.Exceptforb.Exceptc.Besidesd.Beside
（Apartfrom）
5.Atthefarsideoftheyardtherewasakitchengarden（菜园）,and______thatwas
theorchard（果园）.（再过去是果园）
a.apartfromb.exceptc.exceptford.beyond
6.Thecompositionsbythefreshmenclassarewell-written______afewerrorsin
spellingandgrammar.
a.unlessb.exceptthatc.exceptford.besides
Nouns（G）
1.Uncountablenouns:
advice,anger,applause,baggage（luggage）,cake,chalk,chocolate,cloth,clothing,bread,damage,equipment,evidence,food,fruit,furniture,gold,homework,housework,information,ink,jewellery,knowledge,machinery,mail（邮件）,money,music,news,paper,personnel,postage（邮资，邮费）,protection,rice（salt,sugar,tea）,scenery,soap,sugar,toothpaste,traffic,transportation,weaponry,weather,work.
2.有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。
Tenyearshadpassed,Ifoundshehad______.（81）
a.alittlewhitehairb.somewhitehair
c.muchwhitehaird.afewwhitehairs
-Ifoundalongblackhairinmysoup.
-Heboughtapples,orangesandotherfruits.（多种水果）
communication（通讯）→communications（通讯系统，通讯工具）;
content（内容）→contents（目录）;
necessity（需要）→necessities（必需品）;
ruin（毁灭）→ruins（废墟，遗迹）;
sand（沙子）→sands（沙地）;
wood（木材）→woods（树林）;
work→works（工厂，著作）
Fossils（化石）ofplantthathavebeenextinct（灭绝）forfiftymillionyearshavebeen
abc
foundneartheBalticSea.
d
deer,fish,sheep
Agreement（G）
一．1.在Therebe结构中：
-Thereisaboxofmatchesinthekitchen.
-Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.
2.在主谓倒装结构中：
-Aftertheexamsisthetimetorelax.
-Herecometheninenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.
-Herecomesthebus.但Heretheyare.
-Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperinthedrawer.（邻近一致）
二．主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：
-Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.
以下均不影响主语的数：
accompaniedby,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,but,except,inadditionto,
including,insteadof,like,morethan,nolessthan,nottomention,ratherthan（而不是）.
-John,togetherwithhisfamily,isflyingtoLondon.
-Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.
三．单数主语。
1．不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数：
-Tobecomedoctorsistheirambition.
-Readingwithoutcomprehensionisnogood.
-Whatthatcountryneedsismorejobsandlowertaxes.
2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语用单数：
-TheUnitedNationswasformedin1945.
-TheDailyNewssaysit'
sgoingtorain.
3.下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：
every,each（of）,everyone（everybody）,oneof（+复数）,either,neither.
-Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.
-Eachbookandmagazineislistedinthecardcatalog.
-Neither（one）issatisfactory.
（-Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntheeasydaysofhighschool.
-Agreat/goodmanybookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.）
四．复数主语。
下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：
both（of）,few（of）,many,several
-Severaloftheregularmemberswereabsent.
五．一些表示数量的短语作主语。
1.alotof,allof,anyof,mostof,someof,noneof谓语取决于of后名词的数。
-Thenumberofstudentsintheclassisfifteen.
-Anumberofstudentswerelate.
六．复合主语。
1.由and或both...and...连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。
但：
Hisfriendandmanagerofthecompanywascooltohissuggestion.
aFrenchandChinesedictionary;
aFrenchandaChinesedictionaries
单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。
-Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.（=Socialfreedomandpoliticalfreedom）
2.当or,either...or,neither...nor或notonly...butalso连接一个单数主语和一个复
数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。
-Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.
Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.
七．集体名词用作主语：
-Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.
Thefamilyarealwaysquarreling.
常用的集体名词有：
army,audience,band,board,class,club,committee,crew,
crowd,family,firm,flock,gang,government,group,jury,majority,minority,
orchestra,party,public,staff,swarm,team,troop等。
八．在定语从句中的主谓语一致：
-Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.
-Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.
九．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：
-Eighthoursofsleepisenough.
-Fivehundredthousanddollarsisquitealargesumofmoney.
-Threethousandmilesistofartotravel.
Cf.-Theirlastfouryearshavebeenfullofsurprises.
-Therearetwosilverdollarsineachofthestockings.
十．以-ces或s结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。
physics,economics,electronics,mathematics,civics（公民学）,ethics（伦理学），
politics,statistics,etc.
但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：
-Statisticsisa
升级会员 