旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文件下载.docx

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ProblemsoftourismandrecreationintheWaddenSeaarediscussed.Specialregardisgiventoland-basedactivitiesbeinginharmonywithnatureandfavoringtheprotectionofenvironment.ThediscussionfocusesonthetrilateralWaddenpolicyoftheconcededEuropeancountries.TheNetherlands,GermanyandDenmark.

Keywords:

TrilateralWaddenSeapolicy,tourism,landbasedrecreation,adverseeffectsonnature

1.WhyaCommonConcern?

IntheWaddenSeaareapeoplelive,workandrecreate.TrilateralWaddenpolicyhasbeenmainlyfocusedonsea-basedrecreation.ButanactivityintheWaddenareawhichalsohasadirectinfluenceonthedunes,mudflatsandtidalareasislandbasedrecreation.Millionsofpeoplevisittheareaeachyearforleisure.UntilnowthishasbeenneglectedbytheinternationalWaddenpolicy.Becauseoftheinfluenceofanddevelopmentsinthissector,itisnecessarytowidenthescopeofthispolicysothatastrategycanbedevelopedforallrecreationalactivities.Thisimpliesmakingintelligentchoices.Whatkindofrecreationalactivitiesandaccommodationsfitthisnaturearea?

Whenandwhereshouldtheytakeplace?

Whatamountsareinharmonywiththenaturewewanttoprotect?

Answerstothesequestionsarepartofastrategyforconservationofnatureandrecreation.

In1994,inLeeuwarden,ecologicalgoalsweredrawnupnotonlyforthetidalarea,butalsoforthebeachesanddunes,thesaltmarshes,thecoastlineandtheruralareas（ontheislandsandtheadjacentareasofthemainland）.Inaddition,itwasrecognizedthatthetrilateralpolicycoveredawiderareathanjusttheWaddenSea.lossofnaturalhabitatsandthedisturbanceoffloraandfaunaasaresultofincreasingtourismwasidentifiedasacauseforcancel.Tobetterunderstandtheinfluenceoflandbasedrecreationonthearea'

snaturalenvironment,itisnecessarytofirstconsiderthesituationinthetourismsector.ThisismainlybasedontheexperiencesobtainedbytheDutchWaddenSocietyintheDutchWaddenSearegion.

2.ASummaryoftheSituation

I.Sincethemiddleofthiscentury,theWaddenSeaareahasbeenapopulardestinationforanevergrowingnumberoftourists.Todaytouristscanchoosefromawiderangeofaccommodations:

hotels,hikingcabins,apartments,campingsites,bungalowsandsoon.Thisdevelopmenthassparkedalotofbuildingactivity;

sometimestoreplaceoldbuildings,butmoreoftenfornewbuildingsites.Inanumberofcasesthishasbeenatthecostofduneareas.Afirstobservation:

toofferallthesevisitorsaplacetosleepmoreandmorespaceisoccupied.Sometimesatthecostofnatureandsometimesatthecostofhistoricalbuildingsorrurallandscape.

II.Butnotallvisitorstotheareastayovernight.Ontheonehandtherearethedaytouriststotheislands.Especiallytheislandswithashortferrytimeand/orlowferrycostsatefavorites.Ontheotherhandthedifferentrecreationalareasalongthemainlandcoastlinealsoattractalargenumberofdaytourists,particularlyinGermany.Touristsnotonlydesireaplaceonthebeachinthesun,butalsowanttowalkinthedunes,buyacupofcoffeeandhavepropertransportfacilitiestoandfromthearea.OnthemainlandsideoftheferrydamtoAmeland,forexample,thereateplansforasecondlevelinthecarparkonthemainlandtoofferdaytouristsextraparkingspaceclosetotheferry.Asecondobservation:

daytourismleavesitsmarksinthelandscapebyfacilities,overfulledashtrays,emptybeachchairsandtreadedplants,alsowhenthedayisover.

Theshortsecondorthirdholiday,amidweekbreakoradaytoescapeitall,hasbecomerealityformany.Thequietandlongoff-seasonperiodisathingofthepastforthelocalpopulationandnature.Theaccommodation-branchesanticipatesthistrendbybuildingmoreandmorecabinsandbungalowsatformercampingsites.Thelengtheningoftheholidayseasonhasbeenencouragedbythedevelopmentofso-called"

badweatherfacilities"

likethetropicalswimmingpool.TheresultisthatwalkersandcyclistscanbefoundonthebeachorinthedunesasearlyasMarch.Thiscancauseproblemsformigratoryandbreedingbirds.Shouldtheareasimportanttothesebirdsbeclosedofftothepublicearlierintheyear?

Thatisagainsttheideathatpeopleshouldbegivenasmanychancesaspossibletoenjoynature.Sowhatismoreimportant:

undisturbedfeelingsoflibertyorundisturbednestbuilding?

Athirdobservation:

lengtheningoftheholidayseasonmeansmoredisturbancerisktoanumberofbirdspecies.

IV.Recreationalactivitiesarenolongerlimitedtoawalkbreathingthefreshseaairofahealingdipinthewater.Thecurrentpossibilitiesseemendless,afewexamples:

parachutejumping,golfing,"

naturecombing"

walkingonthemudflats,visitingbirdcolonies,seals,awagonridethroughthedunesandmarshes,shortaeroplanetrips,kiting,sunbathing,night-life,crosscountrycyclingandsoon.Afourthobservation:

recreationalactivities,evennatureoriented,havemoreandmoreadverseeffectsonnature.Theeconomicaspectoftourismcertainlyplaysaroleinthetrilateralpolicydecisions.Theweightthatthisaspectcarriesinthepolicymakingprocessisachoiceinitself.Butinwhattermsarewemeasuringtheeconomiceffects,injobs,inregionalincomeandinvestments,orinthesustainableuseofnature?

Afifthobservation:

economicaspectsarepartofthediscussionabouttourismandthereisquitesomecashflowrelatedtoit.

3.DevelopmentsandNewTrends

itWhencomingupwithastrategyforrecreationalactivitiesisimportanttoconsiderdevelopmentsandtrendsinthesector.

1.Tourismisagrowingindustry.Itisseenasasectorwhichcanprovideemploymentinthenearfuture.Andforthisreasonsubsidiesaregiven.Thatisanattractiveproposition,particularyinregionswithrelativelyhighunemployment.ManycommunitycouncilsalongtheDutchcoasthaveplanstoexploittourism.Thesevaryfrombuildingasmallbungalowparktoahealthspawithabeach.Workisalreadyinprogressontheislandstoimprovethequalityofaccommodation.Thisrequireslargerinvestmentsandreturns.

2.Thetrendtotakeanumberofshortholidays.Thesamenumberofovernightstaysarethereforebeingsharedbymoreandothervisitorsandmoretransportisrequired.

3.Hotelmanagerswantthesamebedoccupiedmoreoften.Thestabilizationofthenumberofbedsavailable（apolicyontheDutchWaddenislands）isthereforecertainlynotsynonymouswithastabilizationofrecreationvolume.

4.Thetrendtowardsmoreactiveholidays.Theactivitiescanrangefromnatureexcursionstosportevents.ThisraisesthequestionwhethertheWaddennatureisseenasabackdroporasadestinationitself.Inordertoformulateastrategyontourismwewillhavetotakeintoaccountthefiveobservationsmade.

4.summarize:

（I）moreandmorespaceistakenbyaccommodations,improvingqualityalsorequiresmoresquaremeterspertourist;

（II）Daytourismleavesitsmarksinthelandscape;

（III）Seasonlengtheningmeansshorteningoftheundisturbedperiodsforbirds;

（IV）Recreationactivities,evennatureoriented,havemoreandmoreadverseeffectsonnature;

（V）Thetourismrelatedcashflowisontherise;

（VI）Agrowingnumberofpeoplevisit,knowandhopefullyappreciatetheWaddenSeaareaand..,disturbeachother.

TheimportanceoftheinternationalWaddenSeaareadoesnotneedtobestressed.Nordoestheimportanceofprotectingthearea'

snaturaldevelopment.Jointtrilateralgoalsandtargetshavealreadybeenlaiddownorarereceivingthefinaltouches.Al1wehavetodo,isbringaboutthegoals.ThetrilateralWaddenpolicycannolongerignorelandbasedrecreationalactivities;

theireffectsaretoofarreaching.Dunes,marshesandbirdsarecurrentlywitnessingalossinterritoryandanincreaseindisturbanceanddamage.Thecountrysideisunderattackandnewbuildingprojectsthreatentoovershadowtheculturalandhistoricalvalueofthearea.Andsometimesthereatejusttoomanypeoplearound.It'

snotenoughtoacknowledgethatrecreationisimportanttothearea,todeclareahareaanationalpark,todosomezoningortofixthenumberofbeds.

Afundamentalconsiderationisneeded.Whatkindofrecreationalactivatesandaccommodationsfitthisnaturearea?

Whenandwherecantheytakeplace?

Answerstothesequestionsatethestartofastrategyforconservationofnatureandsustainablerecreation.

5.TheChoiceoftheDutchWaddenSociety

TheWaddenSeaareaofferssomeveryspecialopportunitiesforrecreation.Whenpeoplegettoknowandappreciateanareatheyaremorewillingtoprotectit.Andfromtheperspectiveoftourismitisnature,theopenness,thebirds,theuniquelandscapeandthehistoricculturalvaluesthatmakes.thisareaintosomethingsingularandspecial.ThesearethesellingpointsoftheWaddenSeaareaonthetouristicmarket.InourviewthereshouldbepossibilitiestoexperiencethatspecificWaddenSeanature.ThismeansWaddennature"

orientedrecreation.Butinsuchawaythatitisandcontinuesrespectingnature.Thisisofcoursesomethingtotallydifferentfromislandhoppingbyaeroplaneoradiscopartyonthebeach.

Whatsuchachoicemeansfromasustainableandeconomicperspectiveisofcourseanimportantquestion.Doesitmeanmorevisitormanagement,moreexcursionleadersandlessdiscjockey?

Morebirdwatchesfacilitiesandwardeningandlessrecreationalairtrafficandtropicalswimmingparadises?

Theseaspectsdefinitelyneedmoreresear