英语经贸知识问答题Word文件下载.docx

英语经贸知识问答题Word文件下载.docx

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Itcanbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.2.Whydidinternationaltradefirstbegin?

Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven.Somecountriesareabundantinresources,whileelsewherereservesarescarceorevennonexistent.Andacountrymayberichinsomeresourcesbutpoorinothers.Thecountrythatisrichwillexportsomeofitsresourcestothecountrythatisinneed.Theoppositeisalsotrue.Thatisthereasonwhyinternationaltradefirstbegan.3.Whatisthenewincentivefortradethatarosewiththedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology?

Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,internationalspecializationoccurs.Onecountryproducesmoreofcommoditythanitusesitselfandsellstheremaindertoothercountries.4.Explainthetheoryofabsoluteadvantageanditsapplicationininternationaltrade.Itholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources（capital,land,andlabor）.Thistheoryisillustratedinthefollowingtable.Tobemoreillustrative,letusassumethereareonlytwocountriesproducingtwocommoditiesunderperfectcompetition.Outputperman-yearoflabourCountryACountryBComputers5010Cars2040Fromtheabovetable,wecanseethatamaninCountryAcanproduce50computersinayearbutonly10inCountryB.Ontheotherhand,onemaninCountryBcanproduce40carsinayearbutonly20inCountryA.SoCountryAismoreefficientinproducingcomputersthanCountryB,andwesaytheformerhasanabsoluteadvantageoverthelatterinproducingcomputers.Similarly,CountryBhasanadvantageoverCountryAinproducingcars.Asaresult,CountryAwouldspecializeinproducingcomputersandtradesomeofthemforCountryB’scars,andCountryBwouldspecializeinproducingcarsandexchangesomeofthemforCountryA’scomputers.Bothcountrieswillgainbenefitsthroughspecializationandtrade.5.Whointroducedthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage?

Whichtheorymakesmoresense,absoluteadvantageorcomparativeadvantage?

TheEnglisheconomistDavidRicardointroducedthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage.Histheoryofcomparativeadvantagemakesmoresense.6.Explainbrieflywhytradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagepromoteefficiencyamongcountries.Wherecomparativeadvantageexists,twotradingpartnersarebothabletosharethegainsfromthetrade.Thetradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagemakesonecountrybetteroffwithoutmakingtheotherworseoff.Sotradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagepromotesefficiencyamongcountries.7.Iscomparativeadvantagesomethingstatic?

Isitpurelydecidedbytheendowmentsofnature?

Giveexamplestoshowthedevelopmentofcomparativeadvantagebycertaincountries.Comparativeadvantageisnotsomethingstatic.Itisnotpurelydecidedbytheendowmentsofnature.Acountrycandevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownactions,independentofitsendowmentofnature.Switzerland’scomparativeadvantageinmakingwatchesisatypicalexample.Similarly,theU.S.hasdevelopedcomparativeadvantageinmanylinesthatusethemostup-to-datetechnology.

Lesson2InternationalTrade（II）1.Arethereotherbasesfortradewhentherearenodifferencesamongcountriesinproductionconditions?

Mentionsomeofthebases.Yes,therearesomebasesfortrade.a.patternofdemandTradewillbebasednotondifferencesintheproductioncapabilitiesofthetwocountriesbutondifferentconsumptionpreferences,thatis,patternsofdemand.Theymaydifferamongnations.Forexample,mostconsumersinonecountrymayconsiderdogmeatadelicacy,whileinanothercountrytheconsumptionofdogmeatisabhorrent.Inthiscasethesecondcountrymaysellitsdogmeattothefirstcountry.b.economyofscaleTrademayoccuroutofeconomiesofscale,thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.Forexample,CountryAandCountryBmayhavethesamecapabilityinproducingcarsandcomputers,butthecostfortheproductionofbothcommoditieswilldecreaseifthegoodsareproducedonalargerscale.Bothcountriesmightfinditadvantageousifeachweretospecializecompletelyintheproductionofonecommodityandimporttheother.c.innovationorstyleTradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughCountryAproducesenoughcarsatreasonablecoststomeetitsowndemandandeventoexportsome,itmaystillimportcarsfromothercountriesforinnovationorvarietyofstyle.2.Whatiseconomiesofscale?

Whatistherelationbetweeneconomyofscaleandtrade?

Itmeansthatanenterpriseproducessomegoodsonalarge-scaleinordertoseekcostadvantage.Trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofscale.Forexample,CountryAandCountryBmayhavethesamecapacityinproducingcarsandcomputers,butthecostforproducingbothcommoditieswilldecreaseifthegoodsareproducedonalargerscale.Bothcountriesmightfinditadvantageousiftheyweretospecializeinproducingonecommodityandimporttheother.3.Whatdoesthetheoryofinternationalspecializationseektoanswer?

Itseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.Differencesinproductionconditions,theelementhighlightedbythetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,providethemostimportantpartoftheanswer.Butacompleteanswermustalsotakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchaspatternsofdemand,economiesofscaleandinnovationorstyle.4.Willcompletespecializationoccurinreality?

Why?

Completespecializationmayneveroccur.Therearethreereasons.a.Forstrategicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.b.Thebenefitsofspecializationmayalsobeaffectedbytransportcost.Goodsandrawmaterialshavetobetransportedaroundtheworldandthecostofthetransportreducesthebenefitoftrade.Thecasewillbemoreseriouswithtransportingbulkyorperishablegoods.c.Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.5.Whataretariffbarriers?

Whatisacustomsareaandwhatisacustomsunion?

Tariffbarriersarethemostcommonformsoftraderestriction.Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitscrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.Acustomsareausuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.Acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsarea.6.Whatismost-favored-nationtreatment?

Isitaspecialtreatment?

Thetermmost-favored-nation（MFN）treatmentreferstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.Itisnotaspecialtreatment.Becauseitgiveacountrythelowesttariffsonlywithinthetariff’sschedule,butitisstillpossibletohavelowertariffs.7.Whatisthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers?

Explainitinafewwords.Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.Thelimitsmaybeinquantityorvalueterms,orquotasmaybeonacountrybasisorglobal,withoutreferencetocountries.Theymaybeimposedunilaterallyandcanalsobenegotiatedonaso-calledvoluntarybasis.Obviously,exportingcountriesdonotreadilyagreetolimittheirsales.Thus,the“voluntary”labelgenerallymeansthattheimportingcountryhasthreatenedtoimposeevenworserestrictionsifvoluntarycooperationisnotpossible.8.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade?

Giveafewexamplesofinvisibletrade.Visibletradecanbedefinedastheimportandexportofgoodsbetweencountries.Invisibletradereferstotheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.Transportationservicesacrossnationalboundaries,insurance,tourism,andimmigrantremittancearetypicalexampleofinvisibletrade.

Lesson3InternationalPayment1.Whyisitdifficulttoeffectpaymentinastraight-forwardmannerininternationaltrade?

Itisdifficulttoeffectpaymentinastraight-forwardmannerininternationaltrade,saybyremittanceorbydebitingthedebtor’saccountbecausethingsarefarmorecomplicatedininternationaltrade.Purchaseandsaleofgoodsandservicesarecarriedoutbeyondnationalboundaries,whichmakesitratherdifficultforthepartiesconcernedinthetransactiontogetadequateinformationabouteachother’sfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness.Therefore,mutualtrustishardtobuild.Boththeexporterandtheimporterfacerisks,asthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymaynotfulfillthecontract.2.Mentionsomeoftheriskstheexporterandtheimporterfaceintrade.Fortheexporterthereistheriskofbuyerdefault.Theimportermightfailtopayinfullforthegoodsforsomereasonorother.Itisevenpossiblethatthebuyerisnotreliableandsimplyrefusestopaytheagreedamountonvariousexcuses.Onthepartoftheimporter,thereistheriskthattheshipmentwillbedelayed,andsuchdelaysmayleadtolossofbusiness.Thereisalsoariskthatwronggoodsmightbesentasaresultofnegligenceoftheexporterorsimplebecauseofhislackofintegrity.3.Explainbrieflythefollowingmethodsofpayment:

cashinadvance;

openaccount;

consignmenttransactions.a.cashinadvance:

Inthiscase,theimporterpaystheexporterbeforetheformergetsthelatter’sgoods.Itisintheexporter’sfavour.b.openaccount:

Totradeonop