GRE写作6分ISSUE范文Word文档格式.docx
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Inmyviewtheacquisitionofknowledgebringsaboutallthreeatthesametime.
Thisparadoxicalresultisaptlyexplainedandillustratedbyanumberofadvancesinourscientificknowledge.Consider,forexample,thesonarsystemonwhichblindbatsrelytonavigateandespeciallytoseekprey.Researchershavelearnedthatthissystemisstartlinglysophisticated.Byemittingaudiblesounds,thenprocessingthereturningechoes,abatcandetermineinananosecondnotonlyhowfarawayitsmovingpreyisbutalsotheprey'
sspeed,direction,sizeandevenspecie!
Thisknowledgeacquiredhelpsexplain,ofcourse,howbatsnavigateandsurvive.Yetatthesametimethisknowledgepointsouttheincrediblecomplexityoftheauditoryandbrainfunctionsofcertainanimals,evenofmerehumans,andcreatesacertainmysteryandwonderabouthowsuchsystemseverevolvedorganically.
Orconsiderourknowledgeoftheuniverse.Advancesintelescopeandspace-explorationtechnologyseemtocorroboratethetheoryofacontinuallyexpandinguniversethatbeganattheverybeginningoftimewitha"
bigbang."
Ononelevelthisknowledge,assumingitqualifiesassuch,helpsuscomprehendourplaceintheuniverseandourultimatedestiny.Yetontheotherhanditaddsyetanotherchaptertothemysteryaboutwhatexistedbeforetimeandtheuniverse.
Orconsidertheareaofatomicphysics.Thenakedhumaneyeperceivesverylittle,ofcourse,ofthecomplexityofmatter.Toourdistantancestorsthephysicalworldappearedsimple--seeminglycomprehensiblebymeansofsightandtouch.Thenbywayofscientificknowledgewelearnedthatallmatteriscomprisedofatoms,whicharefurthercomprisedofprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Thenwediscoveredanevenmorebasicunitofmattercalledthequark.Andnowanewso-called"
string"
theorypositstheexistenceofanevenmorefundamental,anduniversal,unitofmatter.Ontheonehand,thesediscoverieshaverenderedthingsmorecomprehensible,byexplainingandreconcilingempiricalobservationsofhowmatterbehaves.Thestringtheoryalsoreconcilesthediscrepancybetweenthequantumandwavetheoriesofphysics.Ontheotherhand,eachdiscoveryhasinturnrevealedthatmatterismorecomplexthanpreviouslythought.Infact,thestringtheory,whichistheoreticallysound,callsforsevenmoredimensions---inadditiontothethreewealreadyknowabout!
I'
mhard-pressedtoimagineanythingmorecomplexormysterious.
Insum,thestatementoverlooksaparadoxaboutknowledgeacquired,atleastwhenitcomestounderstandingthephysicalworld.Whenthroughknowledgeathingbecomesmorecomprehensibleandexplainablewerealizeatthesametimethatitismorecomplexandmysteriousthanpreviouslythought.
第二类题材Society
Issue140
Whatsocietyhasthoughttobeitsgreatestsocial,political,andindividualachievementshaveoftenresultedinthegreatestdiscontent."
Istronglyagreethatgreatachievementsoftenleadtogreatdiscontent.Infact,Iwouldassertmorespecificallythatgreatindividualachievementscancausediscontentfortheindividualachieverorforthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement,orboth.Nevertheless,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatwhetheragreatachievementcausesgreatdiscontentcandependonone'
spersonalperspective,aswellastheperspectiveoftime.
Withrespecttoindividualachievements,greatachieversarebynatureambitiouspeopleandthereforetendtobedissatisfiedanddiscontentwiththeiraccomplishments—nomatterhowgreat.Greatathletesarecompelledtotrytobettertheirrecord-breakingperformances;
greatartistsandmusicianstypicallyclaimthattheirgreatestworkwillbetheirnextone--asignofpersonaldiscontent.Andmanychildprodigies,especiallythosewhoachievesomemeasureoffameearlyinlife,latersufferpsychologicaldiscontentforhaving"
peaked"
soearly.Perhapstheparadigmaticmodernexampleofagreatachiever'
sdiscontentwasEinstein,whosetheoreticalbreakthroughsinphysicsonlyraisednewtheoreticalconundrumswhichEinsteinhimselfrecognizedandspentthelasttwentyyearsofhislifestrugglingunsuccessfullytosolve.
Individualachievementscanoftenresultindiscontentonasocietallevel.ThegreatachievementoftheindividualscientistsresponsibleforthesuccessoftheManhattanProjectresultedinworldwideanxietyoverthethreatofnuclearannihilation--aformofdiscontentwithwhichtheworld'
sdenizenswillforeverbeforcedtocope.Evenindividualachievementsthatatfirstglancewouldappeartohavebenefitedsocietyturnouttobecausesofgreatdiscontent.Considertheinventionoftheautomobile,alongwiththeinnovationsinmanufacturingprocessesandmaterialsthatmademassproductionpossible.Asaresultwehavebecomeasocietyenslavedtoourcars,relyingonthemascrutchesnotonlyfortransportationbutalsoforaffordingusafalsesenseofsocioeconomicstatus.Moreover,thedevelopmentofassembly-linemanufacturinghasservedtoalienateworkersfromtheirwork,whichmanypsychologistsagreecausesagreatdealofpersonaldiscontent.
Turningfromindividualachievementstosocietal,includingpolitical,achievements,theextenttowhichgreatachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentoftendependsonone'
sperspective.Consider,forexample,America'
sspiritofManifestDestinyduringthe19thCentury,orBritishImperialismoverthespanofseveralcenturies.FromtheperspectiveofanImperialist,conqueringotherlandsandpeoplesmightbeviewedasanunqualifiedsuccess.However,fromtheviewpointoftheindigenouspeopleswhosufferatthehandsofImperialists,theseso-called"
achievements"
arethesourceofwidespreadoppressionandmisery,andinturndiscontent,towhichanyobservantNativeAmericanorSouthAfricannativecouldattest.
Theextenttowhichgreatsocio-politicalachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentalsodependsontheperspectiveoftime.Forexample,F.D.R.'
sNewDealwasandstillisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreatestsocialachievementsofthe20thCentury.However,wearejustnowbeginningtorealizethatthesocial-securitysystemthatwasanintegralpartofF.D.R.'
ssocialprogramwillsoonresultingreatdiscontentamongthoseworkerscurrentlypayingintothesystembutunlikelytoseeanybenefitsaftertheyretire.
Tosumup,Iagreethatgreatachievements,bothindividualandsocio-political,oftenresultingreatdiscontent.Moreover,greatindividualachievementscanresultindiscontentforboththeindividualachieverandthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement.Nevertheless,inmeasuringtheextentofdiscontent,wemustaccountforvaryingpersonalandpoliticalperspectivesaswellasdifferenttimeperspectives.
第三类题材Science&
Technology
Issue30
Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'
sefficiencysothateveryonehasmoreleisuretime."
Thespeakercontendsthattechnology'
sprimarygoalshouldbetoincreaseourefficiencyforthepurposeofaffordingusmoreleisuretime.Iconcedethattechnologyhasenhancedourefficiencyaswegoaboutoureverydaylives.Productivitysoftwarehelpsusplanandcoordinateprojects;
intranets,theInternet,andsatellitetechnologymakeusmoreefficientmessengers;
andtechnologyevenhelpsusprepareourfoodandaccessentertainmentmoreefficiently.Beyondthisconcession,however,Ifindthespeaker'
scontentionindefensiblefrombothanempiricalandanormativestandpoint.
Thechiefreasonformydisagreementliesintheempiricalproof:
withtechnologicaladvancementcomesdiminishedleisuretime.In1960theaverageU.S.familyincludedonlyonebreadwinner,whoworkedjustover40hoursperweek.Sincethentheaverageworkweekhasincreasedsteadilytonearly60hourstoday;
andinmostfamiliestherearenowtwobreadwinners.Whatexplainsthisdeclineinleisuredespiteincreasingefficiencythatnewtechnologieshavebroughtabout?
Icontendthattechnologyitselfistheculpritbehindthedecline.Weusetheadditionalfreetimethattechnologyaffordsusnotforleisurebutratherforwork.Ascomputertechnologyenablesgreaterandgreaterofficeproductivityitalsoraisesouremployers'
expectations--ordemands--forproduction.Furthertechnologicaladvancesbreedstillgreaterefficiencyand,inturn,expectations.Ourspiralingworkloadisonlyexacerbatedbythecompetitivebusinessenvironmentinwhichnearlyallofusworktoday.Moreover,everytechnologicaladvancedemandsourtimeandattentioninordertolearnhowtousethenewtechnology.Timedevotedtokeepingpacewithtechnologydepletestimeforleisureactivities.
Idisagreewiththespeakerforanotherreasonaswell:
thesuggestionthattechnology'
schiefgoalshouldbetofacilitateleisureissimplywrongheaded.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologycanandshouldaddress.Advancesinbio-technologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;
advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsafer,lessinvasivediagnosisandtreatment;
advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;
advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,roads,bridgesandvehicles;
informationtechnologyenableseducationwhilecommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationinthedemocraticprocess.Inshort,health,safety,education,andfreedom--andnotleisure--aretheproperfinalobjectivesoftechnology.Admittedly,advancesintheseareassometimesinvolveimprovedefficiency;
yet