届北京市高三一模英语试题分类汇总阅读理解CD篇Word文档格式.docx
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Vaccines(疫苗)maysoonmaketheirfirstfilmappearance.LedbyexpertMariaA.Croyle,researchershavedevelopedathinsheetthatpreservesvaccinesforlongperiodswithoutrefrigeration.Thismeansthecarefullycooledsmallbottlesnowusedtoshipvaccinescouldpotentiallybereplacedbylightweightfilmsthatcanbemailedinanenvelopeandstoredonashelf.
Croyle’slaboratorybegandevelopingthetechnologyin2007.Inspiredbyamber’sabilitytopreservetheDNAofinsects,theresearcherssetouttocreatetheirownversionofthesubstancebymixing“alotofsugarandalittlebitofsalt,muchlikehardcandy,”Croyleexplains.Thevaccine-containingfilmisadministeredbymouth—sweetnewsformanywhodislikeneedles.
Thefilmistailoredtosuiteachspecificvaccinecandidateandprovideaprotectivecoating.“We’velearnedovertimethatthekeytoreallystabilizingwhateverthefilmholdsistohaveitintermixedwithallthecomponents,”Croylesays,addingthattheprocessisquickandusesaffordable,standardequipment.“Wereallywantedtocomeupwithsomethingthatwouldbetransferabletodevelopingcountries.”
Immunization(免疫)programsdependheavilyonkeepingvaccinescold(2℃-8℃)astheyaretransported,sometimesoverthousandsofkilometerstofar-awaylocations.Deliverycanbedifficultandcostly,andtransportdisruptionscancausethevaccinestobeineffective.
Butthisnewproductcanstoreliveviruses,bacteriaandantibodiesforseveralmonthsat20℃.InapaperpublishedinScienceAdvances,thescientistsshowthatthelivevirusesinonevaccinewerepreservedinthefilmevenafter36months.Theyalsofindthatafluvaccinesuspendedintheirfilmcomparesfavourablywithatraditionalflushot(流感预防针).“Thestudydemonstratesearlyproofofconceptforanexcitingplatformforvaccineproductdevelopment,”saysLisaRohan,apharmacologist,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Shealsonotesthateachvaccinetypewouldneedacustomformulation(配方)forfuturestagesofdevelopment.
Findingpartnerstomass-produceforclinicaltrialsistheresearchers’mostpressingproblem,Croylesays.Theyarealsoexploringpackagingmethodstokeeptheirfilmsstableupto40℃.
Sizeisamajoradvantage—aletter-sizedsheetofthefilmcancarrymorethan500doses(剂)ofvaccine,about1⁄900theweightofthesameamountoftraditionaldoses.Bymakingiteasierandcheapertoshipandpreservevaccinesefficiently,Croylesays,thetechnologycouldvastlyimproveimmunizationratestheworldover,particularlyinmiddle-tolow-incomecountries.
27.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefilm?
A.Itcontainsanimal’sDNA.B.Itwillreplacevaccines.
C.Itcomesindifferentflavours.D.Itcanholdbio-products.
28.AccordingtoParagraph3,wecanlearnaboutthefilm’s______.
A.keycomponentB.developmentschedule
C.possibleadvantagesD.transportationrequirements
29.TheauthormentionsLisaRohan’swordsto______.
A.advisepersonalizingvaccines
B.suggesttheproductispromising
C.provethestudyissupportedwidely
D.stressthefunctionsofanewplatform
30.WhatwillbethenexturgenttaskforCroyle’steam?
A.Advertisingthefilmworldwide.B.Improvingthefilm’scapacity.
C.Reducingtheshippingcost.D.Seekingidealmanufacturers.
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AlbertEinstein’s1915masterpiece“TheFoundationoftheGeneralTheoryofRelativity”isthefirstandstillthebestintroductiontothesubject,andIrecommenditassuchtostudents.Butitprobablywouldn’tbepublishableinascientificjournaltoday.
Whynot?
Afterall,itwouldpasswithflyingcoloursthetestsofcorrectnessandsignificance.Andwhilepopularbeliefholdsthatthepaperwasincomprehensibletoitsfirstreaders,infactmanypapersintheoreticalphysicsaremuchmoredifficult.
AsthephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasatimewhenthenewspaperssaidthatonly12menunderstoodthetheoryofrelativity.Idobelievetheremighthavebeenatimewhenonlyonemandid,becausehewastheonlyguywhocaughton,beforehewrotehispaper.Butafterpeoplereadthepaperalotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymorethan12.”
No,theproblemisitsstyle.Itstartswithaleisurelyphilosophicaldiscussionofspaceandtimeandthencontinueswithanexpositionofknownmathematics.Thosetwosections,whichwouldbeconsideredextraneoustoday,takeuphalfthepaper.Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientists’work,norarethereanygraphics.Thosefeaturesmightmakeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.
Asimilarprocessofprofessionalizationhastransformedotherpartsofthescientificlandscape.Requestsforresearchtimeatmajorobservatoriesornationallaboratoriesaremorerigidlystructured.Andanythinginvolvingworkwithhumansubjects,orputtinginstrumentsinspace,involvespilesofpaperwork.
WeseeitalsointheRegeneronScienceTalentSearch,theNobelPrizeofhighschoolsciencecompetitions.Intheearlydecadesofits78-yearhistory,thewinningprojectswereusuallythesortofcleverbutnaive,amateurisheffortsonemightexpectoftalentedbeginnersworkingontheirown.Today,polishedworkcomingoutofinternships(实习)atestablishedlaboratoriesisthenorm.
Theseprofessionalizingtendenciesareanaturalconsequenceoftheexplosivegrowthofmodernscience.Standardizationandsystemmakeiteasiertomanagetherapidflowofpapers,applicationsandpeople.Butthereareseriousdownsides.Alotofunproductiveeffortgoesintojumpingthroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentrybarriersateveryturn.
Ofcourse,Einsteinwouldhavefoundhiswaytomeetingmodernstandardsandpublishinghisresults.Itsscientificcorewouldn’thavechanged,butthepapermightnotbethesametastetoread.
31.AccordingtoRichardFeynman,Einstein’s1915paper______.
A.wasaclassicintheoreticalphysics
B.turnedouttobecomprehensible
C.neededfurtherimprovement
D.attractedfewprofessionals
32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“extraneous”inParagraph4mean?
A.Unrealistic.B.Irrelevant.
C.Unattractive.D.Imprecise.
33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisaffectedasmodernsciencedevelops?
A.Theapplicationofresearchfindings.
B.Theprincipleofscientificresearch.
C.Theselectionofyoungtalents.
D.Theevaluationoflaboratories.
34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?
A.WhatmakesEinsteingreat?
B.Willsciencebeprofessionalized?
C.CouldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?
D.Howwillmodernsciencemakeadvances?
西城区2020-2021学年度第二学期高三综合练习(一模)高三英语2021.4
第二部分:
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Humans’overconsumptionofresourcesisaleadingcontributortoglobalclimatechange,saysUniversityofArizonaresearcherSabrinaHelm.Therefore,it’sincreasinglyimportanttounderstandthechoicesconsumersmakeandhowthosedecisionsaffectthehealthofaplanetwithlimitedresources.Inanewstudy,publishedinthejournalYoungConsumers,Helmandhercolleaguesexplorehowmaterialisticvaluesinfluencepro-environmentalbehaviorsinmillennials,whoarenowthenation’smostinfluentialgroupofconsumers.
Theresearchersfocusedontwomaincategoriesofpro-environmentalbehaviors:
reducedconsumption,whichincludesactionslikerepairinginsteadofreplacingolderitems;
and“greenbuying,”orpurchasingproductsdesignedtolimitenvironmentalimpacts.Theresearchersalsolookedathowengaginginpro-environmentalbehaviorsaffectsconsumerwell-being.
Morematerialisticparticipants,theresearchersfound,wereunlikelytoengageinreducedconsumption.However,materialismdidnotseemtohaveaneffectontheirlikelihoodofpracticing“greenbuying.”That’sprobablybecause“greenbuying,”unlikereducedconsumption,stilloffersawayformaterialiststofulfilltheirdesiretogetnewitems,Helmsaid.
Studyparticipantswhoreportedhavingfewermaterialisticvaluesweremuchmorelikelytoengageinreducedconsumption.Consuminglesswas,inturn,linkedtohigherpersonalwell-beingandlowerpsychologicalsuffering.Greenbuying—whichmayhavesomepositiveenvironmentaleffects,althoughtoasmallerdegreethanreducedconsumption—wasnotfoundtoimproveconsumerwell-being,Helmsaid.
Thetake-homemessageforconsumers:
“Thekeyistoreduceconsumptionandnotjustbuygreenstuff.Havinglessandbuyinglesscanactuallymakeusmoresatisfiedandhappier,”Helmsaid.“Ifyouhavealotofstuff,youhavealotonyourmind,”shesaid.“Forexample,itrequiresmaintenanceandthere’salotofburdensofownership,andifyourelieveyourselfofthatburdenofownership,mostpeoplereportfeelingalotbetterandfreer.”
Helmandhercolleaguesadditionallylookedathowmaterialismaffectsmillennialconsumers’proactivefinancialbehaviors,suchasbudgetingandsaving.Examiningfinancialbehaviorsalongsidepro-environmentalbehaviorsprovidesapictureofhowyoungadultsproactivelydealwithresourcelimitationsintwocontexts:
environmentalandfinancial,Helmsaid.
Asexpected,Helmandhercolleaguesfoundthatthosewhoreportedhavingmorematerialisticvaluesengagedinfewerproactivefinancialbehaviorsthantheirlessmaterialisticcounterparts(对应的人).Theresearchersalsofoundthat,consistentwithpreviousstudies,proactivefinancialbehaviorswereassociatedwithbetterpersonalwell-being,lifesatisfactionandfinancialsatisfaction,aswellaslowerpsychologicalsuffering.
Understanding