高中化学考试注意点Attention should be paid to high school chemistry examinationWord文档格式.docx

高中化学考试注意点Attention should be paid to high school chemistry examinationWord文档格式.docx

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O2,C2H2;

Solubleinwater:

Cl2（1:

1）,H2S（1:

2.6）,SO2（1:

40）;

Highlysolubleinwater:

NH3（1:

700）,HCl（1:

500）,HF,HBr,HI.

3.eyethree:

commonliquidsubstances

Inorganic:

Br2,brominewater（H2O）,hydrogenperoxide（H2O2）,carbondisulfide（CS2）,phosphorus（PCl3）

Aninferiorhydrocarbonofmorethan5carbonatoms;

Inadditiontolowermethanechlorideandvinylchlorideadditionofhalogenatedhydrocarbons;

Loweralcohol;

Lowaldehydesotherthanformaldehyde;

Lowercarboxylicacid;

Low-gradeester.

4.eyefour:

thecolorofcommonsubstances

Red:

Fe（SCN）3（Xueredsolution）;

Cu2O（Zhuanredsolid）;

Fe2O3（reddishbrownsolid）;

Red（darkredsolid）;

bromine（darkredbrown）;

Fe（OH）3（redbrownsolid）;

Cu（purplishredsolid）;

brominevapor,NO2（reddishbrown）magentasolution（red）;

Thephenolintheairforalongtime（FenHong）;

acidicsolution（litmusred）;

phenolphthaleinalkalinesolution（red）.

Violet：

Litmusneutralsolution（purple）;

Fe3+andphenolreactionproducts（purple）;

I2（metallicpurplesolid）

KMnO4solid（purpleblack）;

MnO4-（violetredsolution）solidO3（purpleblack）

TheflamereactionofpotassiumvaporI2（purple）andI2innonpolarsolvents（purple）

Orange:

water（Orange）K2Cr2O7solution（Orange）

Yellow:

AgI（yellowsolid）;

AgBr（paleyellowsolid）;

Ag3PO4（yellowsolid）;

FeS2（yellowsolid）;

Na2O2（paleyellowsolid）;

S（yellowsolid）;

Au（metallicluster,yellowsolid）;

TheaqueoussolutionofI2（yellow）;

iodine（HuangHeshai）;

alongsetofKIsolution（yellow）（oxidizedI2）;

TheflameofNa（yellow）;

TNT（paleyellowneedle）;

industrialhydrochloricacidcontainingFe3+（yellow）;

NaNO2（colorlessorlightyellowcrystal）;

aqueoussolutionofFe3+（yellow）;

Whennitrobenzeneisdissolvedinconcentratednitricacid,NO2（yellow）isdecomposed

Longconcentratednitricacid（yellow）（solubleNO2producedbydecomposition）;

Concentratednitricacidontotheskin（naturalprotein）（pronouncedyellow）;

Green:

Cu2（OH）2CO3（greensolid）;

theaqueoussolutionofFe2+（lightgreen）;

FeSO47H2O（green）;

K2MnO4（green）;

Cl2;

F2（HuangLvshai）,chlorine（yellowgreen）;

TheconcentratedsolutionofCuCl2（blue-green）;

Brown:

FeCl3solid（brownishyellow）;

CuCl2solid（brown）

Blue:

Cu（OH）2,CuSO4,5H2O,Cu2+inaqueoussolution（blue）inalkalinesolution;

litmus（blue）;

Sulfur,hydrogen,methane,andethanolburnintheair（paleblueflames）;

carbonmonoxideburnsintheair（blueflame）;

StarchturnsblueinI2;

Co2O3（blue）;

O2（liquid-lightblue）;

Cu（OH）2solublepolyhydroxycompounds（suchasglycerolandglucose）inaqueoussolution（deepblue）;

O3（gaseous-lightblue;

liquid-darkblue;

solidvioletblack）.

Black:

FeO;

Fe3O4;

FeS;

CuO;

CuS;

Cu2S;

MnO2;

Cpowder;

Ag2S,Ag2O,PbS,AgCl,AgBr,AgIandAgNO3weredarkenedbyilluminationdecomposition;

Mostmetalsareblackorblackinpowderstate.

White:

commonwhitesolidmaterialisasfollows（whiteorcolorlesssolid,crystalalot）:

AgCl;

Ag2CO3;

Ag2SO4;

Ag2SO3;

BaCO3;

BaSO4;

BaSO3;

Ba3（PO4）2;

BaHPO4;

CaO;

Ca（OH）2;

CaCO3;

MgO;

Mg（OH）;

MgCO3;

Fe（OH）2;

AgOH;

PCl5;

SO3;

CuSO4tribromophenol

Ammoniumsalt（whitesolidorcolorlesscrystal）;

Fe（OH）2precipitatesintheair:

whitetofast（gray）,greento（eventually）reddishbrown

PHtestpaper:

yellowwhenitisdry;

neutralgreen;

whenacidisred,acidityisstronger;

redisdeeper;

alkalineisblue;

alkalineisstronger;

blueisdeeper.

redlitmuspaper（usedtotestalkalinesubstances）:

bluelitmuspaperblue（fortestingacid）

Starchtestpaper:

White（usedtotestiodine）,KI-starchtestpaper:

White（usedtotestoxidizingsubstances）

Litmus:

pH<

5red;

pHrangedfrom5~8purple;

pH>

8isblue.

Phenolphthalein:

8.2pHwascolorless;

between8.2~10pink;

10isred.

MethylOrange:

redwhenpH<

3.1;

pHbetween3.1and4.4isorange;

4.4isyellow.

Methylred:

4.4isred;

pHbetween4.4and6.2isorange;

6.2isyellow.

5.questions:

fiveeyediagramaccordingtothechangeofthesameelementvalenceasthemainline,namelyA,B,C......Typeinduction

CCOCO2;

H,2S,S,SO2,SO3（H2SO4）;

NH3（N2）NONO2HNO3;

NaNa2ONa2O2;

Fe,FeO,Fe3O4;

Fe=Fe2+=Fe（OH）2,Fe（OH）3;

Fe=Fe2+=Fe3+;

Cl-Cl2ClO-;

Acid-basereaction.

CH2=CH2CH3CHOCH3COOH;

CH3CH2OHCH3CHOCH3COOH

6.eyesix:

accordingtotheformofchemicalreaction

A.makesinferencesbasedonthereplacementreaction,"

simplematter+compound=newsubstance+newcompound"

1,metaldisplacementmetal

（1）replacementbetweentheactivemetalelementsandtheinactivemetalcations;

NM+mNn++mNm+==nM

（2）thermitreaction

Highmeltingpointmetaloxides（suchasFe3O4,Fe2O3,FeO,WO3,V2O5,MnO2,CrO3etc.）andaluminumpowdermixturecalledthermite,needhightemperatureconditionstoinitiatethereactionoccurs,usuallyusedforsmeltingofhighmeltingpointmetal.Suchas:

10Al+3V2O5,5Al2O3+6V,8Al+3Fe3O4,4Al2O3+9Fe

（3）theuseofmetalmetalreplacementofLeChatelier'

sprincipleseeeighteen,1

（2）]

2,metalreplacementofnon-metallic

（1）themetalreactswithwatertodisplacetheH2

2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH+H2-（=veryactivemetalreactionwithH2Oatroomtemperature）

Mg+2H2OMg（OH）2+（H2=H2Oactivemetalandobviousreactionwhenheated）

3Fe+4H2O+4H2=Fe3O4（theproductionofmetaloxidesandH2reactionmediumactivemetalandH2Ounderhightemperatureconditions）

（2）themetalreactswithnonoxidizingacidtodisplaceH2

2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2=Fe+2H++H2===Fe2+

Zn+2CH3COOH=Zn2++2CH3COO+H2=-

Topayattentionto:

ThemetalinfrontofHintheorderofmetalactivitycanbereplacedbyH+intheacidtoH2.

Thenonoxidizingacidreferstoacidelementsnotsignificantoxidizingacid,suchashydrochloricacid,dilutesulfuricacid,phosphoricacid,aceticacid;

oxidativeacidreferstoacidelementswereoxidizingacid,suchasSelements,sulfuricacidconcentration（diluted）+6price+5priceofNelements,nitrateinthehypochlorite+1priceClelementetc..Theoxidationofacids,includingtheoxidationofH+oracidelementsinacids.Allacidshaveacertaindegreeofoxidation,becauseacidscontainH+.

ThesubstitutionreactionofFewithnonoxidizingacidorsomesaltsolutionistoproduce+2valenceironsalt;

intheelectrodereaction,theelementalironalsolosestwoelectronsandformsferrousion.

ThereactionbetweenPbanddiluteH2SO4isoftenunabletocontinuebecausetheresultingPbSO4isinsolubleinwaterandcoversthesurfaceofthemetalPb,preventingthereactionfromcontinuing.

（3）metalreactswithalcoholanddisplacesH2

Suchas:

2Na,2C2H5OH+2C2H5ONa+H2=

（4）thereactionbetweenmetalandphenolwasreplacedbyH2

2Na++,H2=（melting）

（5）themetalreactswiththealkalisolutiontodisplacetheH2

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O+[Zn+2NaAlO2=3H2=2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2=]

ThenatureofthereactionisAlandH2OreactedweaklyAl（OH）3[difficulttodissolveinwater,coveredonthesurfaceofAlandpreventthereactiontoproceedwithH2,butAl（OH）3istheamphoterichydroxidesolubleinalkalisolution,NaOH,AlandH2OcontinuetogenerateH2reactiontherefore,thereactionofH2OoxidanthydrogeninH2areallfromH2O.

3E*2

2Al+2NaOH+6H2O+3H2+4H2O===2NaAlO2

ThereactionprincipleofZnwithalkalisolutionisthesameasabove.

（6）themetaldisplacesothernonmetallicelements

2Mg+CO2,2MgO+C（producealotofwhitesmoke,thereisasmallamountofblacksolidonthebottlewall）

2Mg+SO2,2MgO+,Sor3Mg+SO2,2MgO+MgS

3non-metallicreplacementofnon-metallic

（1）nonmetallicelementsareusedasoxidizingagents

I2+S2+S==2I-2F2+2H2O=4HF+:

O2

2FeBr2+3Cl2+2Br2+3Br2==2FeCl32FeI2=2FeBr3+2I2

（Cl2excess）（Br2excess）

[6FeBr2+3Cl2+4FeBr3]+Br2==2FeCl3FeI2=FeBr2+I2

（Cl2small）（Br2small）

Explanation:

theorderofstrengthofreductionis:

S2>

I>

Fe2+>

Br-soCl2firstoxidizeI-thenoxidizeFe2+,andfinallyoxidizeBr-.

X2+H2S=2H++2X+S（X2=Cl2,Br2:

I2）

2H2S+O2（insufficient）2S+2H2O（H2Sincompletecombustioninair）

2H2S+O2=2S+2H2O（lowermetamorphichydrogensulfateintheairforalongtime）

3Cl