新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案文档格式.docx

新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案文档格式.docx

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3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?

Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;

innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;

globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;

changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.

4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?

Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.

5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?

Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview（religion）,andsocialorganizations（familyandstate）.

6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?

Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.

7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?

Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.

Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresent

theexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.

8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?

Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.

9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?

Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.

ReadingII

TheChallengeofGlobalization

1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?

Manythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworld

veryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographical

area,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,no

longerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthis

changedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.

2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?

Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremotecultures

increasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―globalvillage‖,membersofonceisolated

groupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemay

livethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.

3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?

Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the„global‟maybemorelocalthanthe„local‟”?

Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhuman

communicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofother

countriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanof

thelocalevents.Inthissense,“the‘global’maybemorelocalthanthe‘local’”

5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?

Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshaveto

meetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequiresthe

abilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonan

understandingofcross-culturaldifferences.

6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?

Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatile

internationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemics

thatknownoboundaries.

7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?

Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandand

communicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweare

unawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblamefor

communicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.

8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?

Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,

globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.The

challengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.

Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.

CaseStudy

Case1

Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesin

spiteoftheeffortsmadetoachieveunderstanding.

WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighly

thatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehuman

relationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthis

case,Richard‘smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,

forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehad

attendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,Whatbeautifulframesyourpictures

arein.

InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmony

amongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself－beitafamilyoravastcorporation－is

morevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstress

individualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyin

conflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase:

Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreat

effortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotright

todefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilar

mistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.Butforpoor

Richardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.

WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmen

thanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegesture

oftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:

forAmericans,―Helpyourself;

for

theEnglishcounterpart,―Bemyguest.AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingand

beingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguest

atanAmericanpartyisonewho―makeshimselfathome,eventothepointofansweringthedoor

orfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypothetical

Englishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.

Case2

Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobe

directcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendto

saywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedto

askquestionswhentheyneedclarification.Mexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewith

Americancultureinsomesituations,andthat‘swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthe

techniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirect

communicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreon

implicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughany

improperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswould

showadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.

Case3

Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘t

realizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,

familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisters

woulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferent

wayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethe

samefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotional

culturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem（thebatteriesrunningout）.

Case4

Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonal

andfam