三级语法文档格式.docx
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A.AsB.WhatC.SoD.That
8.Manythings---goingabroad,owingacar,____impossibleinthepastarenowverycommon.(2006/12)
A.beingconsideredB.tobeconsidered
C.wereconsideredD.considered
定语从句
定语从句是三级考试中几乎每次必考的语法点。
其用法比较复杂,以下从三个方面讲述定语从句。
一、关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句
1、定语从句可以由关系代词或关系副词引导。
关系代词:
who,whom,whose,which,that
关系副词:
when,where,why
e.g.1.Noonelivesintheroomwhosewindowsarebroken.(2000/1)
2.Thebookwhich/thatyouarereadingiswrittenbyacontemporaryAmericannovelist.
3.Heshowedmeaphotoofthefancyhotelontheseashorewherehestayedforaweek.
2、关系代词which&
that
关系代词which和that在从句中充当宾语成分,可以省略。
e.g.Thebag(that/which)mywifeiscarryingwasboughtinItaly.
定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况
1)当先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词时:
Oncetheyhadfame,fortune,securefutures;
nowall______isleftispoverty.(1999/1)
A.whichB.thatC.whatD.it
2)当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时:
e.g.1.Thisisthemostimportantpositionthat(不用which)agraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenoffered.
2.ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasBigBen.
3)当先行词既有人又有物时:
e.g.Theoldmanandhisdogthatyousawalongtheriverareclosefriends.
4)当先行词被first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very,just等限定词修饰时:
e.g.1.Pleasesendmeanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.
2.ThisistheveryhousethatIamafteralltheseyears.
定语从句中只能用which不能用that的情况
1)在非限制性定语从句中,引导词只能是which(有时也用as),而不能用that。
e.g.Thecrimewasnotdiscoveredtill48hourslater,whichgavethecriminalplentytimetogetaway
2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,只能用which不能用that:
e.g.IcouldnotfindthenotebookonwhichIhadwrotehisaddress.
注意:
inthat是状语从句连词,意为:
“因为”
e.g.Privatizationisthoughttobebeneficialinthatitpromotescompetition.
3、关系代词whose
whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
e.g.Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.
Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
指物时,whose可以用“ofwhich(the)”结构来代替:
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?
=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?
4.关系代词as
当先行词受such,as,thesame等修饰时,关系词常用as。
I’veneverheardasinterestingastoryashetells.
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.
当先行词受thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.
5.关系代词but
but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句,相当于“which/that/who/whom+not”
Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.
(but=whodon’t)
Therearenodifficultiesbutcanbeovercome.
(but=thatnot)
二、“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
掌握该语法点的要点如下:
1、该结构即可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;
2、该结构中,关系代词只能是whom或which,不用that;
3、该结构中介词的选择可能要根据上下文的意思,或根据先行词的习惯搭配。
e.g.1.Wewentuptotheroof,fromwhichwehadagoodviewoftheparade(2002/6)
2.Janespentalleveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,ofwhichnoneofushadeverheard.(1995/6)
3.Thisisthefarmonwhichhehasworkedformorethan10years.
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,对先行词起限定作用,如果省略会使原句意思残缺。
非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开,修饰先行词或整个主句,仅仅对主句起补充说明作用,省略不改变原句意思的完整性。
e.g.1.Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.
(非限制性定语从句修饰先行词)
2.ThefellowIspoketogavenoanswer,whichpuzzledme.(2004/6)(非限制性定语从句修饰主句)
试比较以下限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在句意上的区别
IhaveabrotherwhoisstudyingatZhejiangUniversity.
言外之意:
我可能还有另外兄弟,但不在浙大上学。
Ihaveabrother,whoisstudyingatZhejiangUniversity.
我只有一个在浙大上学的兄弟。
四、关系代词的省略
关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句作宾语时可以省略。
但以下情况例外:
1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,连词不能省略
e.g.Thisistheheadmasterwithwhommyfather
wastalkingjustnow.
注意:
当介词防在动词后时,连词可省
Thisistheheadmaster(whom)myfatherwastalkingwithjustnow
2.在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略.
e.g.Mr.Green,whomyouknow,isthetallestinourschool.
3.在thesame…as,such…as,so…as,thesame…that结构中,as和that即使做宾语也不可以省略
e.g.1.Ihaveboughtthesamebookasyouhave(bought).
2.ThisisthesamebookthatIreadthedaybeforeyesterday.
4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,只有第一个关系代词可以省略
e.g.Thisisthebook(which)IreadyesterdayandwhichIfindveryinteresting.
5.关系副词的省略
(1)当先行词是reason,而且在定语从句中作原因状语时,关系副词why可以省略
e.g.Thereason(why)hefailedwashislaziness.
(2)当先行词是way,而且在定语从句中作方式状语时,连词可以用inwhich,that,也可以省略.
e.g.Thatwastheway(inwhich/that)sheworkedtheproblemout.
以下情况连词不可省
e.g.Idon’tknowthewaythat/whichleadstothetopofthemoutain.(连词做主语)
五、定语从句&
同位语从句
1.同位语从句,即从句在句中作主语或宾语的同位语,是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。
e.g.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.
Thefactthatthetransportofthegoodscoststoomuchwasnotdiscussed.
其后常用同位语从句的名词主要是抽象名词,如:
belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,
possibility,thought,message,problem,
promise,等等。
2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(比较)
同位语从句:
Thesuggestionthatwediscusstheproblemalloveragainisagoodone.
定语从句:
Thesuggestionthathegaveatthemeetingwasagoodone.
1.同位语从句是名词性从句,他的作用是对名词进行补充说明;
定语从句是形容词性从句,他的作用是对先行词进行修饰限定,描述其性质或特征.
2.同位语从句中的连词that在从句中不充当成分,只起到连词的作用,一般不可省略;
定语从句中的连词that在从句中充当主语或宾语,有实际意义,作宾语时还可以省略
让步状语从句
让步状语从句全真试题
1.____goodtoChina’seconomicprospectsare,westillhavealongwaytogo.(1997/6)
A.WhateverB.However
C.EvenifD.Although
2.Thoughtheelectriccaristechnicallypossible,_____notveryprofitable.(2003/1)
A.itisB.butitis
C.anditisD.howeveritis
3.Thewoodenhouseisstillingoodcondition_____itwasbuiltover100yearsago.(2005/12)
A.sinceB.because
C.despiteD.though
4.Whydothoserichpeoplestealthings_____theycouldeasilyaffordtobuythem?
(2006/6)
A.thatB.because
C.ifD.when
5.Schoolsinthenorthtendtobebetterequipped,_____thoseinthesoutharerelativelypoor,(2006/12)
A.andB.while
C.butD.however
6.Whatyousaidwastrue.Itwas,______,alittleimpolite.(2006/6)
A.neverthelessB.otherwise
C.thusD.furthermore
让步状语从句通常用though,although,nomatter,evenif,if,eventhough,however,whatever等引起
1.although和though引导的让步状语从句:
①
两个词同义,一般情况下可以互换使用,如:
Hedidn’tlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.
②though可以和even连用,但although不可以,如:
Although(Eventhough)thetrafficheldusup,wegottotheairportontime.
③though可以放在句中或句末,通常用逗号隔开,如:
Hesaidhewouldcome;
hedidn’t,though.
④though引导的从句可用倒装语序(即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前),而although不能这样用,如:
Youngthoughsheis,yetsheisfitforthejob.(=Youngassheis,…)
⑤有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although,以加强语气,但不可用but,如:
Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.
⑥当主句中的主语和从句中的主语指同一个人或物时,though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be可以省略,如:
Though(itwas)cold,itwasafinewintermorning.
Though(hewas)severelywounded,yetherefusedtoleavethebattlefield.
Though(theywere)verytired,theycontinuedtomarchon.
2.evenif,eventhough和if引导的让步状语从句:
△evenif与eventhough同义,常用于强调让步概念,如:
I’lldoit,evenifittakesmealltheafternoon.
Hewasthereevenifwedidn’tseehim.
Evenifyoufail,youcantryagain.
I’llhelpyou,evenifIdon’tsleepforanight.
注:
if有时也可以用于让步含义,但要注意条件if与让步if的区别,试比较:
Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?
(条件)
Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步)(=evenif)
Ifheisinexperienced,hewon’tbeabletoaccomplishit.(条件)
Ifheisinexperienced,heisatanyrateeagertolearn.(让步)(=evenif)
IfJohnhadbeenthere,Iwouldhaveseenhim.(条件)
IfJohnwasthere,Ididn’tseehim.(让步)(=evenif)
3.由as,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构:
as可引导让步从句,但as一般不置于句首,而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。
(though,that与as一样,也可以用于这种结构),如下面几种情况:
①表语的倒装:
Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.
OldasIam,Icanstillfight.
Cleverasyoumaybe,youcannotdothat.
Tallas/thoughhewas,hecouldn’treachthetopshelf.
Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.
②状语的倒装(这时状语之前不可加very,much等修饰语)
MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.
HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.
③谓语动词的倒装:
Tryashewould,hecouldnotrememberawordofit.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry…)
Tryashemight,hedidn’tpasstheexam.
Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.
Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothingintheroom.
注意事项:
①如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语,不再用冠词,如:
TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.
Childas/thathewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.
Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.
Childasheis,heknowsm