英国诗歌史 English poetryWord文档下载推荐.docx

英国诗歌史 English poetryWord文档下载推荐.docx

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Englishlanguage.

TheearliestsurvivingpoetryfromtheareacurrentlyknownasAfricawaslikelytransmittedorallyandthenwrittendowninversionsthatdonotnowsurvive;

thus,datingtheearliestpoetryremainsdifficultandoftencontroversial.Theearliestsurvivingmanuscriptsdatefromthe10thcentury.Poetrywrittenin 

Latin, 

Brythonic 

（apredecessorlanguageofWelsh）and 

OldIrish 

surviveswhichmaydateasearlyasthe6thcentury.Theearliestsurvivingpoetrywrittenin 

Anglo-Saxon,themostdirectpredecessorofmodernEnglish,mayhavebeencomposedasearlyasthe7thcentury.

WiththegrowthoftradeandtheBritishEmpire,theEnglishlanguagehadbeenwidelyusedoutsideEngland.Inthe21stcentury,onlyasmallpercentageoftheworld'

snativeEnglishspeakersliveinEngland,andthereisalsoavastpopulationofnon-nativespeakersofEnglishwhoarecapableofwritingpoetryinthelanguage.Anumberofmajornationalpoetries,includingthe 

American, 

Australian,NewZealand, 

Canadian 

Indian 

poetryhaveemergedanddeveloped.Since1921,Irishpoetryhasalsobeenincreasinglyviewedasaseparateareaofstudy.

ThisarticlefocusesonpoetrywritteninEnglishbypoetsbornorspendingasignificantpartoftheirlivesinEngland.However,giventhenatureofthesubject,thisguidelinehasbeenappliedwithcommonsense,andreferenceismadetopoetryinotherlanguagesorpoetswhoarenotprimarilyEnglishwhereappropriate.

Contents

[hide] 

∙1 

TheearliestEnglishpoetry

∙2 

TheAnglo-NormanperiodandtheLaterMiddleAges

∙3 

TheRenaissanceinEngland

o3.1 

EarlyRenaissancepoetry

o3.2 

TheElizabethans

▪3.2.1 

ElizabethanSong

▪3.2.2 

Courtlypoetry

▪3.2.3 

Classicism

o3.3 

JacobeanandCarolinepoetry

▪3.3.1 

TheMetaphysicalpoets

▪3.3.2 

TheCavalierpoets

∙4 

TheRestorationand18thcentury

o4.1 

Satire

o4.2 

18thcenturyclassicism

o4.3 

Womenpoetsinthe18thcentury

o4.4 

Thelate18thcentury

∙5 

TheRomanticmovement

∙6 

Victorianpoetry

o6.1 

HighVictorianpoetry

o6.2 

Pre-Raphaelites,artsandcrafts,Aestheticism,andthe"

Yellow"

1890s

o6.3 

Comicverse

∙7 

The20thcentury

o7.1 

Thefirstthreedecades

▪7.1.1 

TheGeorgianpoetsandWorldWarI

▪7.1.2 

Modernism

o7.2 

TheThirties

o7.3 

TheForties

o7.4 

TheFifties

o7.5 

The1960sand1970s

∙8 

Englishpoetrynow

∙9 

Notes

∙10 

Seealso

∙11 

References

∙12 

Externallinks

[edit]TheearliestEnglishpoetry

Mainarticle:

OldEnglishpoetry

Thefirstpageof 

Beowulf

TheearliestknownEnglishpoemisahymnonthecreation;

Bede 

attributesthisto 

Cæ

dmon 

（fl. 

658–680）,whowas,accordingtolegend,anilliterateherdsmanwhoproducedextemporaneouspoetryatamonasteryat 

Whitby.[1] 

Thisisgenerallytakenasmarkingthebeginningof 

Anglo-Saxonpoetry.

Muchofthepoetryoftheperiodisdifficulttodate,oreventoarrangechronologically;

forexample,estimatesforthedateofthegreatepic 

Beowulf 

rangefromAD608rightthroughtoAD1000,andtherehasneverbeenanythingevenapproachingaconsensus.[2] 

Itispossibletoidentifycertainkeymoments,however. 

TheDreamoftheRood 

waswrittenbeforecircaAD700,whenexcerptswerecarvedinrunesonthe 

RuthwellCross.[3] 

Somepoemsonhistoricalevents,suchas 

TheBattleofBrunanburh 

（937）and 

TheBattleofMaldon 

（991）,appeartohavebeencomposedshortlyaftertheeventsinquestion,andcanbedatedreasonablypreciselyinconsequence.

Byandlarge,however,Anglo-Saxonpoetryiscategorisedbythemanuscriptsinwhichitsurvives,ratherthanitsdateofcomposition.Themostimportantmanuscriptsarethefourgreatpoeticalcodicesofthelate10thandearly11thcenturies,knownasthe 

dmonmanuscript,the 

VercelliBook,the 

ExeterBook,andthe 

Beowulfmanuscript.

Whilethepoetrythathassurvivedislimitedinvolume,itiswideinbreadth. 

istheonlyheroicepictohavesurvivedinitsentirety,butfragmentsofotherssuchas 

Waldere 

andthe 

FinnesburgFragment 

showthatitwasnotuniqueinitstime.Othergenresincludemuchreligiousverse,fromdevotionalworkstobiblicalparaphrase;

elegiessuchas 

TheWanderer, 

TheSeafarer,and 

TheRuin 

（oftentakentobeadescriptionoftheruinsof 

Bath）;

andnumerousproverbs, 

riddles,and 

charms.

Withonenotableexception（RhymingPoem）,Anglo-Saxonpoetrydependson 

alliterativeverse 

foritsstructureandanyrhymeincludedismerely 

ornamental.

[edit]TheAnglo-NormanperiodandtheLaterMiddleAges

Seealso:

Anglo-Normanliterature

Withthe 

Normanconquest 

ofEngland,beginningin1111theAnglo-Saxonlanguagerapidlydiminishedasawrittenliterarylanguage.ThenewaristocracyspokeFrench,andthisbecamethestandardlanguageofcourts,parliament,andpolitesociety.Astheinvadersintegrated,theirlanguageandliteraturemingledwiththatofthenatives:

theFrenchdialectoftheupperclassesbecame 

Anglo-Norman,andAnglo-Saxonunderwentagradualtransitioninto 

MiddleEnglish.

WhileAnglo-NormanorLatinwaspreferredforhighculture,Englishliteraturebynomeansdiedout,andanumberofimportantworksillustratethedevelopmentofthelanguage.Aroundtheturnofthe13thcentury, 

Layamon 

wrotehis 

Brut,basedonWace'

s12thcenturyAnglo-Normanepicofthesamename;

Layamon'

slanguageisrecognisablyMiddleEnglish,thoughhisprosodyshowsastrongAnglo-Saxoninfluenceremaining.Othertransitionalworkswerepreservedaspopularentertainment,includingavarietyof 

romances 

lyrics.Withtime,theEnglishlanguageregainedprestige,andin1362itreplacedFrenchandLatininParliament 

andcourtsoflaw.

Itwaswiththe14thcenturythatmajorworksofEnglishliteraturebeganonceagaintoappear;

theseincludetheso-called 

PearlPoet'

s 

Pearl, 

Patience,Cleanness,and 

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight;

Langland'

spoliticalandreligiousallegory 

PiersPlowman;

Gower'

ConfessioAmantis;

and,ofcourse,theworksof 

Chaucer,themosthighlyregardedEnglishpoetoftheMiddleAges,whowasseenbyhiscontemporariesasasuccessortothegreattraditionof 

Virgil 

andDante.

ThereputationofChaucer'

ssuccessorsinthe15thcenturyhassufferedincomparisonwithhim,though 

Lydgate 

Skelton 

arewidelystudied.However,thecenturyreallybelongstoagroupofremarkableScottishwriters.TheriseofScottishpoetrybeganwiththewritingof 

TheKingisQuair 

by 

JamesIofScotland.ThemainpoetsofthisScottishgroupwere 

RobertHenryson, 

WilliamDunbar 

GavinDouglas.HenrysonandDouglasintroducedanoteofalmostsavagesatire,whichmayhaveowedsomethingtothe 

Gaelic 

bards,whileDouglas'

versionofVirgil'

Aeneid 

isoneoftheearlymonumentsofRenaissanceliteraryhumanisminEnglish.

[edit]TheRenaissanceinEngland

The 

Renaissance 

wasslowincomingtoEngland,withthegenerallyacceptedstartdatebeingaround1509.ItisalsogenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishRenaissanceextendeduntiltheRestorationin1660.However,anumberoffactorshadpreparedthewayfortheintroductionofthe 

newlearning 

longbeforethisstartdate.Anumberofmedievalpoetshad,asalreadynoted,shownaninterestintheideasofAristotleandthewritingsofEuropeanRenaissanceprecursorssuchasDante.

Theintroductionof 

movable-blockprinting 

Caxton 

in1474providedthemeansforthemorerapiddisseminationofneworrecentlyrediscoveredwritersandthinkers.CaxtonalsoprintedtheworksofChaucerandGowerandthesebookshelpedestablishtheideaofanativepoetictraditionthatwaslinkedtoitsEuropeancounterparts.Inaddition,thewritingsofEnglishhumanistslike 

ThomasMore 

ThomasElyot 

helpedbringtheideasandattitudesassociatedwiththenewlearningtoanEnglishaudience.

ThreeotherfactorsintheestablishmentoftheEnglishRenaissancewerethe 

Reformation,CounterReformation,andtheopeningoftheeraofEnglishnavalpowerandoverseasexplorationandexpansion.Theestablishmentofthe 

ChurchofEngland 

in1535acceleratedtheprocessofquestioningtheCatholicworld-viewthathadpreviouslydominatedintellectualandartisticlife.Atthesametime,long-distanceseavoyageshelpedprovidethestimulusandinformationthatunderpinnedanewunderstandingofthenatureoftheuniversewhichresultedinthetheoriesof 

NicolausCopernicus 

JohannesKepler.

[edit]EarlyRenaissancepoetry

Withasmallnumberofexceptions,theearlyyearsofthe16thcenturyarenotparticularlynotable.TheDouglas 

wascompletedin1513and 

JohnSkeltonwrotepoemsthatweretransitionalbetweenthelateMedievalandRenaissancestyles.Thenewking, 

HenryVIII,wassomethingofapoethimself.ThemostsignificantEnglishpoetofthisperiodwas 

ThomasWyatt,whowasamongthefirstpoetstowrite 

sonnets 

inEnglish.OnequotefromThomasWyattthat'

snotwellknownis,"

Speakingjusttospeaktoonewhosebusinessit'

snotisgossip,unlessthesituationcallsforit."

[edit]TheElizabethans

Elizabethanperiod 

（1558to1603）inpoetryischaracterizedbyanumberoffrequentlyoverlappingdevelopments.Theintro