unit12Word下载.docx
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b.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.
c.Shehaskeptherword.
d.Finallythegeneralgavethewordtoretreat.
e.Letmeknowifyougetwordofmywife.
f.Wordhasitthey’redivorcing.
ASK:
(1)Whatdoes“word”meanineachofthecontexts?
a.Somethinghewouldtalkabout
b.thingsthataresaid,contrastedwiththingsthataredone
c.thepromiseonehasmade
d.spokencommandorsignal
e.information
f.pieceofnews;
message
(2)Doyouknowofanyotherusagestheword“word”has?
2.
(1)CanyousummarizethefivecriteriaintroducedbyDavidCrystalhere?
Potentialpause:
Thepause,whichhappenswhenyousayasentence,willtendtofall
betweenwords,andnotwithinwords.
Indivisibility:
Theextraitemswillbeaddedbetweenthewordsandnotwithinthem.
Minimalfreeforms:
thesmallestunitsofspeechthatcanmeaningfullystandontheirown.
Phoneticboundaries:
Itissometimespossibletotellfromthesoundofawordwhereitbeginsorends.
Semanticunits:
eachwordinasentencehasaclearmeaning.
(2)Doyouthinkthesecriteriaarequestionableinanyway?
Cantheybeappliedtotheidentificationofzi,theroughChineseequivalentoftheEnglish“word”?
No,astheaboveanalysisexplained.No,theycannot.Forexample,流连and蹒跚,theyaredanchuci(单纯词)whichcannotbeanalyzedindependently.
3.
(1)SupposewewanttoknowwhatarethetenmostfrequentlyusedEnglishwords.Whatarethey,asfarasyoucantell?
HowaboutChinese?
The,of,to,and,a,in,is,it,you,that
的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着
(2)ArethereanysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetenmostfrequentlyusedwordsinEnglishandthoseinChinese?
Theyarebasicallyfunctionalwords.Bothhavepossessiveword,(of,的)numberwords(a,一),copulawords(is,是),conjunctions(and,和)andlocalizers(in,在).;
Englishhasthedefinitearticletheandseveralpronouns,you,thatanditwhichareabsentinChinese.
4.AccordingtoFerdinanddeSaussure,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweentheformofawordandwhatitstandsfor.Inotherwords,wordsarearbitrary(i.e.notmotivated)intermsofmeaningdesignation.However,thereseemtobeabundantcasesinnaturallanguagesthatdefythisgeneralization.Forexample,onomatopoeicwordsseemtoexistinallthelanguagesknowntous.Toalesserdegree,themeaningofsomewordscanbepartlydeducedfromtheircomponents.Forexample,“sl-“ishighlysuggestiveofthemeaningofthewordsthatcontainit,suchas“slide”,“slip”,and“slush”.
(1)
Babble,bang,grunt,splash;
噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱
No,thesewordsareonlyasmallpartofEnglishorChinesevocabulary
(2)
Footballandhandballconcernthebodypartwhichtaketheballfromoneplacetoanother,andbasketballisnamedafterabasketintowhichtheballisputinthebeggingstageofthegame.
(3)
Peoplehavebodilyembeddedknowledgetoinferthesemotivationsofsuchusage.Thefirstexampleconcernsthemetaphorandsecondmetonymy
(4)Doyouknowothertypesofwordsorusagesthataremotivatedinonewayoranother?
Somefigurativeusagesarealsohighlymotivated.Forexample:
Necessityisthemotherofinvention.
5.BritishEnglish(BEforshort)andAmericanEnglish(AEforshort)aretwomajorvarietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.Thoughtheyhavefundamentalsimilaritiesintermsofgrammarandvocabulary,theyalsodiffersubstantiallyinmanyways.Onthevocabularylevel,severaldistinctdistinctionsarefound.First,therearedifferencesinthepronunciationofsomewords,mostlyinthevowelsounds,asillustratedinthefollowingtable:
Someconsonantsarealsopronounceddifferently.Particularly,inBE,theletterrbeforeaconsonantisnotpronounced,butthatattheendofawordispronouncedifthenextwordbeginswithavowel,e.g.,cart/k:
t/,door/d:
/,butamemberof/membf/;
inAE,theletterrispronouncedinallpositions.
Secondly,BEandAEdifferinthespellingofsomewords.Usually,theAEvariantsaresimplerthantheirBritishcounterparts,asmanifestedbelow.
Afurthernoticeabledifferencerelatestothelexicalmeaningofsomewords.Forinstance,“bill”means“banknote”inAEbut“ademandforpaymentofadebt”inBE.
(1)CanyousupplymorewordsthatarepronounceddifferentlyinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish
half,advance,advantage,after,answer,ask,glance,glass,grasp
(2)DoyouknowofanygrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish?
InAmericanEnglishwesay“graduatefromschool”;
whileinBritishEnglish,wesay“leaveschool”.InAmericanEnglish,ithas“putupprice”,whileinBritishEnglish,itis“raiseprice”
(3)AretherespecialwordsforwhichAEandBEhaveverydistinctivespellings?
ForChinesecharacters“博览会”,BritishEnglishhas“fair”whileAmericanEnglishuseestradeshow.“Lifeandelevator”,and“autumnandfall”aremoreexamples.
(4)CanyoufindmoreexamplesofthesamewordswithdifferentmeaningsinAEandBE?
onebillion/firstfloor/pants
onebillion
(Brit)thenumber1000000000000万亿之数
(US)thenumber1000000000十亿之数
firstfloor
InBritishEnglishthefloorofabuildingatstreetlevelisthegroundfloorandthefloorabovethatisthefirstfloor.
InUSEnglishthestreet-levelflooristhefirstfloorandtheoneaboveisthesecondfloor
Pants
(Brit)men'
sunderpants;
women'
sorchildren'
sknickers
(US)trousers
6.ThefollowingexcerptcomesfromBarackObama’sspeechonFather’sDay,June15,2008.Readitcarefully,andpayspecialattentiontohischoiceofwords.
Thefirstissettinganexampleofexcellenceforourchildren—becauseifwewanttosethighexpectationsforthem,we’vegottosethighexpectationsforourselves.It’sgreatifyouhaveajob;
it’sevenbetterifyouhaveacollegedegree.It’sawonderfulthingifyouaremarriedandlivinginahomewithyourchildren,butdon’tjustsitinthehouseandwatch“SportsCenter”allweekendlong.That’swhysomanychildrenaregrowingupinfrontofthetelevision.Asfathersandparents,we’vegottospendmoretimewiththem,andhelpthemwiththeirhomework,andreplacethevideogameortheremotecontrolwithabookonceinawhile.That’showwebuildthatfoundation…..
Thesecondthingweneedtodoasfathersispassalongthevalueofempathytoourchildren.Notsympathy,butempathy—theabilitytostandinsomebodyelse’sshoes;
tolookattheworldthroughtheireyes.Sometimesit’ssoeasytogetcaughtupin“us,”thatweforgetaboutourobligationstooneanother.There’sacultureinoursocietythatsaysrememberingtheseobligationsissomehowsoft—thatwecan’tshowweakness,andsothereforewecan’tshowkindness……
Andthefinallessonwemustlearnasfathersisalsothegreatestgiftwecanpassontoourchildren—andthatisthegiftofhope.…I’mnottalkingaboutanidlehopethat’slittlemorethanblindoptimismorwillfulignoranceoftheproblemsweface.I’mtalkingabouthopeasthatspiritinsideusthatinsists,despiteallevidencetothecontrary,thatsomethingbetteriswaitingforusifwe’rewillingtoworkforitandfightforit.Ifwearewillingtobelieve.
(1)HowdoesObamadistinguish“empathy”from“sympathy”?
EmpathymeansIdentificationwithandunderstandingofanother'
ssituation,feelings.
Theabilitytostandinsomebodyelse’sshoes
Sympathyisdefinedasfeelingofpityandsorrow(forsb.)
(2)WhydoesObamabothertodefine“hope”–afamiliarwordtoall?
Hope,accordingtoObama,issomethingbetteriswaitingforusifwe’rewillingtoworkforitandfightforit.Ifwearewillingtobelieve.Hedifferentiateshopefromwhatisblindoptimismorwillfulignoranceoftheproblemsweface
(3)Whatotherlexicalchoicesimpressyoudeeplyaswell?
“Asfathersandparents”,whynotasfathersandmothers,
Opentodiscussion
Post-ClassTasks
1.Whatcharacteristicsdofunctionalwordshave?
ReadthefollowingexcerptfromGeorgeW.Bush’sFarewellAddressin2009andunderlinethefunctionalwordsusedinit.
Likeallwhohaveheldthisofficebeforeme,Ihaveexperiencedsetbacks.
TherearethingsIwoulddodifferentlyifgiventhechance.
YetIhavealwaysactedwiththebestinterestsofourcountryinmind.
IhavefollowedmyconscienceanddonewhatIthoughtwasright.
YoumaynotagreewithsometoughdecisionsIhavemade.
ButIhopeyoucanagreethatIwaswillingtomakethetoughdecisions.
2.Howdoyouunderstandreceptiveandproductivelexicalknowledge?
Useyourownexamplestoillustratetheirdifferences.Whichtypeofvocabularyisprobablythelargestforalanguageuser,readingvocabulary,writingvocabulary,listeningvocabulary,orspeakingvocabulary?
Giveonereasonthatconvincesyoumost.
Forexample,welearnthat“word”canbeusedtoreferto“rumor”,andweknowitmeans“rumor”inthesentence“Thewordisthathe'
sleftthecountry.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”Butactually,wewillnotwritethesentence,esp.,saythesentenceindailyconversations.Bythisexample,weshowthatreceptivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyoulearnedandproductivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyouwouldputintopractice.Readingvocabularymaybethelargesttypeofvocabulary,becauseyoumayrecognizethemeaningofawordwithoutusingitindailyexchangesorinacademicwriting.
3.Islexicalcompetencethesamethingasproductivelexicalknowledge?
Howdoyouunderstandthetwoconceptsonthebasis