unit12Word下载.docx

1、b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it theyre divorcing.ASK:（1） What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contras

2、ted with things that are done c. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. information f. piece of news; message（2） Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2. （1） Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens w

3、hen you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to

4、tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning. （2） Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”? No, as the above analys

5、is explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚， they are danchuci（单纯词） which cannot be analyzed independently. 3.（1） Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese? The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, tha

6、t 的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着（2） Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words in English and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,（of, 的） number words（a,一）, copula words（is, 是）, conjunctions（and, 和） and localizers（in, 在）.; E

7、nglish has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese. 4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary （i.e. not motivated） in terms of meani

8、ng designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, “sl-“ i

9、s highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”. （1） Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary （2） Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one pla

10、ce to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game.（3）People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy（4） Do you know other types of words or usag

11、es that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention. 5. British English （BE for short） and American English （AE for short） are two major varieties of the English language. Though they have fundamental similar

12、ities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants

13、are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d:/, but a member of / memb f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions. Seco

14、ndly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below. A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, “bill” means “bank note” in AE but “a demand for payment of a d

15、ebt” in BE. （1） Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and American Englishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp（2） Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English?In American English we say “g

16、raduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”（3） Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters“博览会”, British English has “fair” whil

17、e American English usees trade show. “ Life and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples. （4） Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion（Brit） the number 1000000000000 万亿之数（US） the number 1000000000十亿之数first

18、 floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants（Brit） mens underpants; womens or childrens knickers（US） trousers6. The f

19、ollowing excerpt comes from Barack Obamas speech on Fathers Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children because if we want to set high expectations for them, weve got to set high expectations f

20、or ourselves. Its great if you have a job; its even better if you have a college degree. Its a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but dont just sit in the house and watch “Sports Center” all weekend long. Thats why so many children are growing up in front of

21、the television. As fathers and parents, weve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. Thats how we build that foundation.The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empa

22、thy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy the ability to stand in somebody elses shoes; to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes its so easy to get caught up in “us,” that we forget about our obligations to one another. Theres a culture in our society that says remembering these oblig

23、ations is somehow soft that we cant show weakness, and so therefore we cant show kindness And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children and that is the gift of hope. Im not talking about an idle hope thats little more than blind optimism or wi

24、llful ignorance of the problems we face. Im talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if were willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.（1） How does Obama distinguish “empathy” f

25、rom “sympathy”?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of anothers situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody elses shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow （for sb.）（2） Why does Obama bother to define “hope” a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som

26、ething better is waiting for us if were willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face（3） What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents”, why not as

27、 fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bushs Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it. Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks.Th

28、ere are things I would do differently if given the chance.Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind.I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right.You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made.But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make

29、 the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary?

30、 Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that “word” can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that hes left the country.（据说他已经离开这个国家了）.” But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations

31、. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing. 3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis