从可持续发展的角度看绿色壁垒大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx
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从可持续发展的角度看绿色壁垒大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
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从可持续发展的角度看绿色壁垒
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2017.02.14
Appendix:
GreenBarriersfromtheStandpointofSustainableDevelopment
Abstract:
Greenbarriersareonekindofnon-tariffbarrier(NTB).Thispaperpointsoutthatgreenbarriersevolvedfromsustainabledevelopmenttheoryandenvironmentalprotection,butarecompatiblewithtruecomparativeadvantage.ThebestwaytosurmountgreenbarriersforChineseenterprisesistoimplementcircularproductionprocessesandcleanproductiontechniques.
KeyWords:
Greenbarriers,sustainabledevelopment,ecologyenvironment,circulareconomy,life-cycleanalysis.
1.Introduction
SincetheopeningupandeconomicreformofChina,itsforeigntradevolumehasrisencontinuouslyfromUS$20.6billionin1978toUS$1,422billionin2005.ThesumofexportsplusimportsasafractionofGDPis65.8%,theshareofexportsis36.2%,theshareofimportsis29.6%in2006inChina(TheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChina,2006).Exportsmainlyconcentrateonlaborintensiveandresourceintensiveindustries:
laborintensiveproductsaccountingfor40%oftotalmanufacturingexportsandresourceintensiveincludingrubberandmetalproductsaccountingfor20%.Thisexportpatterndepletesresourcesandcauseshighemissionsandhighpollution,aseriousenvironmentalprobleminChina(Gu,2005).Inaddition,besidesagriculturalproducts,theexportationofmechanicalandelectricalproductsisfacingincreasingtechnicalbarrierssuchasnoise,pollution,safetystandards,energysaving,andrecyclingrequirements.Everyyear,aboutUS$8billionofexportproductsareaffectedbyforeigngreenlabelingandtrademarksandUS$24billionofproductsareindirectlyinfluencedsincepackingmethodsdonotsatisfytheenvironmentalprotectionstandardofdevelopedcountries.Therefore,howtotreatandcopewithgreenbarriersisimperativeforChina’sforeigntrade.
2.GreenBarriers
Whiletherearenoaccurateandcleardefinitionsininternationaltreatiesoragreements,a‘greenbarrier’isanewtermtomeantheapplicationofstricttechnicalstandardsandregulationsininternationaltrade(Dong,2003).Besidesagreenenvironmentallabel,greenbarriersalsoincludeenvironmentalsurtaxes,marketaccessrequirements,greentechnologystandards,greenpackaging,greensanitarymeasuresandgreensubsidiaries(Leng,2005).
Normally,agreenbarrierisregardedasanenvironmentalbarrierimplementedbydevelopedcountries,who,onthegroundsofprotectionofanimalorplantlife,establishstrictandcompulsorymeasurestorestrictcertainimportedproducts(Gao,2004).Accordingtosomeauthors,greenbarriersareatypeofprotectionism,unfairtodevelopingcountriesandrestrictingtheireconomicdevelopment(TangandTan,2004).
Infact,theevolutionandpracticeofgreenbarriersconformstosustainableglobaleconomicdevelopmentalongthelinesoftruecomparativeadvantage.Developedcountriesrealizedsoonerthefactsconcerningenvironmentalexternalitiesandtheirdamagetohumansandtheenvironment.Somedevelopedcountriessetuptechnologicalstandardsontheenvironmentandnaturalresources,requiringthatboththeendproductsandalltheproductionprocesses(R&D,producing,packing,transporting,consumingandrecycling)conformtoenvironmentalprotectionrequirements.Hence,greenbarriershaveappearedontheinternationaltradestage.
IfgreenbarriersaredefinedasunfairanddiscriminatorymeasuresrelatingtotradeassomeChinesescholarsthink,aresistingandrejectingattitudewillpersist.Thiswillignorethepositiveeffectsofgreenbarriersonprotectingtheenvironmentaswellasthehealthofhumanbeings,animalsandplants.Unlessarbitraryorunjustifiableenvironmentaltrademethodshinderinternationaltrade,arationalattitudeandanalysisshouldbeadopted.
3.ARationalAnalysisofGreenBarriers
Greenbarriersaretheoutcomeofeconomicdevelopment(Feng,2004).Massproductionanddevelopmentoftechnologybringabouttworesults.Oneisthepositiveeffectoneconomy,increasingincomeandlivingstandards;theotheristhehuge,sometimesirreversiblenegativeinfluenceonnaturalresourcesandtheenvironment.Manyexamplescanbeseenworldwide:
desertencroachment,deforestation,watershortages,acidrain,biodiversityreduction;inshort,air,landandseapollutioningeneral.Whileenjoyingtheincreasedwelfarecausedbyhigheconomicgrowth,theworldissufferingseriousenvironmentaldeterioration(Na,2000).OurCommonFuture(WCED,1987)putforwardtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentin1987,callingforacommonendeavorthathumanbeingsshouldprotecttheenvironmentandthehealthofpeople,animalsandplants.TheWCEDdefinedsustainabledevel