Part IEarly English LiteratureWord文件下载.docx

Part IEarly English LiteratureWord文件下载.docx

《Part IEarly English LiteratureWord文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Part IEarly English LiteratureWord文件下载.docx（68页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Ageneralview1.TheoldEnglishLiteratureisalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.

2.Therearetwogroupsofpoetry:

paganandChristian.3.Proseappearedinthe8thcentury.

Religious/Christianpoetry①Caedmon:

凯德蒙

-ThefirstAnglo-Saxonpoet,thefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland,knownasthefatherofEnglishsonglivedinthe7thcentury-works:

Paraphrase《演释曲》

②Cynewulf:

琴湼武甫-AnotherrepresentativefigureintheAnglo-Saxonliteraturelivedinthe9thCentury-works:

TheChrist《基督》

2.PaganpoetryBeowulf:

《贝奥武甫》

TherepresentativeoftheAnglo-Saxonliterature,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople,afolklegendbroughttoEnglandfromNorthernEurope,writtendowninthe10thC,themostimportantworkoftheOldEnglishliterature

Epic:

Alongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.Eg.“Iliad”,“Odyssey”,“ParadiseLost”.

TheSongofBeowulf

Characters:

{Beowulf:

nephewofHygelacHygelac:

kingofGeatsinJutlandHrothgar:

kingoftheDanesGrendel:

amonster}

Plot:

Beowulf’sfightwiththemonsterGrendelinHrothgar’shall

Beowulf’sslayingofGrendel’smotherinherlair

Beowulf’sreturninglorytohisuncle,andhissuccessiontothethrone

Beowulf’svictoryindeath,fiftyyearslater,overthefiredragon

Artisticfeatures1.Theuseofalliteration2．Theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements

3.ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements

Alliteration:

arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.

Metaphor:

awayofdescribingsth.bysayingthatitislikesth.

Understatements:

轻描淡写/有节制的描述expressingsomethinginacontrolledway.ItisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas.Givinganimpressionofreserveandatingeofironichumor

PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod（1066-1350）

（TheMiddleEnglishPeriod/MedievalAge）

1.GeneralBackground2.TheMiddleEnglishLiterature

3.SomeKnowledgeofEnglishPoetry

GeneralBackground

1.TheNormanConquest1066,theBattleofHasting,WilliamtheConqueror

MarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEnglandNormans—mastersSaxons—servants

2.ItsInfluenceonEnglishlanguage

。

Bytheendof14thcentury,EnglishandFrenchintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominantspeech,butgreatlychanged.

Thestructureremained,commonwordsretained,Frenchwordsentered

3.InfluenceonEnglishliterature

Thereweredifferentliteraryforms:

romance,popularliterature.

TheliteraturewasacombinationofFrenchandAnglo—Saxonelements

IITheMiddleEnglishLiterature

RomanceGeoffreyChaucerPopularliterature

Romance:

themostprevalentkindofliteratureinfeudalEngland.Theliteraturefortheupperclass.Alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero—knight.

Knight:

aspecialgroupofpeopleexistedintheMiddleAgeinEurope.Nearlyallnobleswereknights.However,nobodywasbornaknight.Onenoblemanwhowantstobeaknightmustexperiencehardtrainingandthenkingwillgivehimknighthood.

TheRomanceCycles

▪MatterofFrance:

EmperorCharlemagneandhispeers

▪MatterofRome:

AlexandertheGreat,theFallofTroyandsoforth

▪MatterofBritain:

KingArthurandhisknightsoftheroundtable

KingArthur

▪AlegendaryBritishleaderwho,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenseofBritainagainsttheSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.

▪ThedetailsofArthur'

sstoryaremainlycomposedoffolkloreandliteraryinvention,andhishistoricalexistenceisdebatedanddisputedbymodernhistorians.

▪HegatheredacompanyofknightsinhiscastleatCamelot.Conflictsbetweenhisknightsledtohiscreatingofthefamous“roundtable”atwhichallwouldhaveequalprecedence.Englishwishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictatorandithasgraduallybindthemonarchintoamoredemocraticsystem.

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight

●ThebestArthurianromance,anonymous,inalliterativeverse

●Itscharacters:

KingArthur,SirGawain,theGreenKnight

SomeKnowledgeofEnglishPoetry

1.Typesofpoetry:

Narrativepoetry:

叙事诗（Epic史诗Dramaticpoem戏剧诗Metricaltale故事诗Ballad民谣）

Lyric:

抒情诗（Ode颂诗Elegy挽歌Idyll田园诗Lovepoem爱情诗）

Didacticpoetry说理诗Burlesque滑稽讽刺诗Parody模仿讽刺诗

2.versification韵律

Stanza：

诗的一段aunitoflinesrelatedLine：

诗行

Foot音步:

aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedorunstressedsyllable一个轻重音节的组合。

每行中音步数大致相同，也有不同的情况。

MonometerDiameterTrimeterTetrameterpentameter

Meter韵律/节拍/格:

formalrhythminlinesofverse.theverselineisdividedintofeetwhichcontaindifferentrhythmsandstresses.Meteristheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.

Iambic抑扬格-/,^/Isawtheskydescendingblackandwhite

trochaic扬抑格/-,/^Letherlivetoearnherdinner.

Anapest抑抑扬--/,^^/Therearemanywhosayadoghashisday.

Dactyl扬扬抑//-,//^Takeheruptenderly

Meter+foot=metricalrhythm/versification

E.g.:

AssoonasAprilpiecesintotheroot

Iambicpentameter五步抑扬格-/-/-/-/-/^/^/^/^/^/

Footisnottobeconfusedwithmeter,thoughthenamesoffeetendwith“-meter”.Meterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Footisappliedwithasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline

1.Rhyme韵脚:

twoormorewordswiththesamesound,e.g.loveanddove

2.押韵的条件：

3.重读音节的元音应相同：

there,share,where

4.它前面的辅音应不同：

5.它后面如有辅音应相同：

right,knight,flight

6.它后面如有轻读音节应相同：

wonder,blunder

GeoffreyChaucer（1340-1400）

LifeLiterarycareerTheCanterburyTalesContributions

Chaucer’spositioninEnglishliterature

1.HewasbornintoawinemerchantfamilyinLondon.

2.At17,hebecameapageinanobleman’shousehold

3.At19,hewenttoFrancewiththeEnglisharmyandwasimprisoned.

4.Hewasmarriedtoamaidofhonortothequeenat26.

5.At27heenteredtheserviceoftheking.

6.From1372-1373hewenttoItalyondiplomaticmissions

7.In1374,hewasmadecontrollerofcustomsinLondon

8.HewasevenmadeMPforKentin1386.

9.Hediedin1400

10.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey—thePoets’Corner

Chaucer’sactivecareerascourtier,soldier,diplomat,andcivilservantprovidedhimnotonlywithknowledgebutalsoexperienceswhichaccountedforthewiderangeofhiswritings.

Literarycareer1.TheFrenchperiod（1360s~1372）

UndertheinfluenceofFrenchpoetry,hetranslatedmanyFrenchworksandalsofamiliarizedwithwritingsinLatinesp.VirgilandOvid.

Works:

TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰的故事》

2.TheItalianperiod（1372~1385）

a.HeimmersedhimselfintheworksofDante,PetrarchandBoccaccio.

b.HerehewroteTroilusandCriseyde,《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》,thefirstmodernnovel,whichalsobecamethesubjectofShakespeareandDryden

3.TheMatureperiod/Englishperiod（1385~1400）.

Freefromanyforeigninfluence,hehashisownchoiceofsubject,owngraspofcharacterandhisowndictionandplot.

TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》TheCanterburyTales

Chaucer’smasterpiece,oneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature

Subjectmatterp.43Theprologuep.44-5Providesaframeworkforthewholepoem

Socialsignificancep.44-5

thefunctionoftheProloguetoTheCanterburyTales

1.ThePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.Itcontainsagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety,excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant,arerepresentedbythesethirtypilgrims.

2.ItisnoexaggerationtosaythattheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.Lookingathisword-pictures,weknowatoncehowpeoplelivedinthatera.ThatiswhyChaucerhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.

3.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementeachother.

Meticalrhythmof“TheCanterburyTales”

▪AssoonasAprilpiecestotheroot

▪-/-/-/-/-/

▪ThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot

▪-/-/-/-/-/

▪Througheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowers

▪Fromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers

▪Iambicpentameter五步抑扬格

▪正当四月里甘甜的春雨渗透了三月里干枯的根须

▪沐浴了茎络，唤起了生机使鲜花盛开，清香缕缕

▪当西风以自己温暖的气息在每一个树林，每一片荒地，唤起一个个嫩芽新枝

▪当青春的太阳在白羊宫里已经走过一半的路程

▪小鸟们彻夜不眠，吟唱歌曲大自然在他们心里弹奏旋律

▪这是人们都立愿前去向远处的圣地进香朝礼

Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishLiterature

●HeintroducedfromItalyandFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,esp.the“heroiccouplet”toEnglishpoetry,toreplacetheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.

●HewasthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinEnglishlanguage（MiddleEnglish）,thusestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguage.

●HedidmuchinmakingtheLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage

Heroiccouplet:

therhymedcoupletofiambicpentame