美国文学论文Word格式.docx

美国文学论文Word格式.docx

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Facts;

Simplicity;

Artificial;

Iceberg;

Theory

中文摘要

在伟大的美国作家中，海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。

在他所有的作品中，《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。

这部小说语言看似简单自然，其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。

有时为了突出某一部分，作者会采用长句代替短句。

文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活，而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。

小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。

文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法，还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关，这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。

《老人与海》这部小说运用了大量的事实，他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。

海明威对这些事实精心选择，从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。

小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境，叙述风格简单自然，未加任何感情色彩。

随着情节的发展，大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动中，而不是主要由作者来叙述。

同时，这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。

关键词：

事实；

简洁；

加工；

冰山理论

Introduction

1.WritingcharacteristicsoftheOldManandtheSea

1.1Hemingway’sWritingStyleandTechniquesinTheOldManandtheSea

TheOldManandtheSea（1952）comesroundatthefinishofHemingway’swritingcareer.Withitsvividcharacterization,itssimplelanguage,andtheprofoundimplicatingitcarries,itstandsoutasoneoftheexcellentbooksHemingway’sformerstatureastheword’spreeminentnovelistafterHemingway’sunsuccessfulnovelAcrosstheRiverandintothetrees（1950）.TheOldManandtheSeaearneditsauthorthePulitzerPrizeinfictionfor1952,andwasinstrumentalinwinninghimtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturetwoyearslater.ItisashortnovelaboutSantiago,anoldCubanfishermanwhohasgonefor84dayswithoutcatch.Thereforetheboy,Mandolin,whousedtosailwithhim,isforcedtoleavehimandcatchinanothership.Theoldmaninsistsonfishingaloneandatlast,hehooksaneighteen-foot,giantmarlin,thelargesthehaseverknown.Butthefishisverypowerfulanddisobedient.Ittowstheoldmanandhisboatouttoseafor48hours,withtheoldmanbearingthewholeweightofthefishthroughthelineonhisback.Theoldman,withlittlefoodandsleep,hastoenduremuchpainandfightsagainsthistreacheroushandcramp.Tohisgreatexcitement,onhisthirddayatsea,hesucceedsindrawingtheweakenedmarlintothesurfaceandharpoonsit.Onhiswayhome,helashesmarlinalongsidehisboatbecauseitistoobigtobepulledintotheboat.But,unfortunately,thecomeacrosssharksindifferentnumbersforfourtimes.Theoldmanfightstokillthesharkswithasmuchmightandmanyweaponsashecansummon,butonlytofindagiantskeletonofhismarlinleftafterhisdesperatedefense.Atlast,Santiago,havinglostwhathefoughtfor,reachestheshoreandstrugglestohisshack.Hefallsintosoundsleep,dreamingofAfrica,andthelionsagain.Hisstrugglewinshimmuchrespect.

AmongmanygreatAmericanwriters,Hemingwayisfamousforhisobjectiveandterseprosestyle.AsthelastnovelHemingwaypublishedinhislife,TheOldManandtheSeatypicallyreflectshisuniquewritingstyle.ThispaperaimstodiscussthewritingstyleandtechniquesinTheOldManandtheSea.Ofcourse,Hemingwayhasusedmanytechniquesinthisnovel,suchasrealism,thecreationofsuspense,monologue,etc.Andthispaperfocusesespeciallyonthelanguagestyleandoneoftheimportanttechniques-thewaytousefactsinthisnovel.

2.WritingoftheOldManandtheSea

2.1UniquelanguagestyleOldManandtheSea

Hemingwayisfamousforhislanguage.Withmuchcareandeffort,hecreatedaveryinfluentialandimmediatelyrecognizablestyle.“Thestylehecreatedinhisearlywork,suchasInOurTimeandTheSunalsoRises,wasalmosttoogood.Likethestyleofcertainpainters,ittendedtobecomeamanner,ratherthanaflexiblewayofrespondingtoexperienceandconveyingfreshinsightsthroughwords.”Amongallhisworks,TheOldManandtheSeaisthemosttypicalonetohisuniquelanguagestyle.Itslanguageissimpleandnatural,andhastheeffectofdirectness,clarityandfreshness.ThisisbecauseHemingwayalwaysmanagestochoosewords“`concrete,specific,morecommonlyfound,moreAnglo-Saxon,casualandconversational.”Heseldomusesadjectivesandabstractnouns,andavoidscomplicatedsyntax.Hemingway’sstrengthliesinhisshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Hisshortsentencesarepowerfullyloadedwiththetension,whichheseesinlife.Wherehedoesnotuseasimpleandshortsentence,heconnectsthevariouspartsofthesentenceinastraightforwardandsequentialway,oftenlinkedby“and”.Inhistaskofcreatingrealpeople,Hemingwayusesdialogueasaneffectivedevice.Itispresentedinaform“asclosetothedramaticaspossible,withaminimumofexplanatorycomment.”HereisanexamplechosenfromTheOldManandtheSea:

‘Whatdoyouhavetoeat?

’theboyasked.

‘No,Iwilleatathome.Doyouwantmetomakethefire?

’

‘No,Iwillmakeitlateron.OrImayeatthericecold.’

Herewecanseethatsuchinterpolationsas“hesaid”havefrequentlybeenomittedandthewordsareverycolloquial.Thusthespeechcomestothereaderasifhewerelistening.Hemingwayhascapturedtheimmediacyofdialogueskillfullyandhasmadetheeconomicalspeechconnotative.ButitisgoodtonotethatHemingway’sstyleisdeliberateandartificial,andisneverasnaturalasitseemstobe.Thereasonsareasfollows.Firstly,insomespecificmoments,inordertostandoutbycontrastandtodescribeanimportantturningpointorclimax,thestyleismadealittledifferent:

Hetookallhispainandwhatwasleftofhislonggoneprideandheputitagainstthefish’sagonyandthefishcameoverontohissideandswamgentlyonhisside,hisbillalmosttouchingtheplankingoftheskiff,andstartedtopasstheboat,long,deep,wide,silverandbarredwithpurpleandinterminableinthewater.Thelanguageinthisone-sentenceparagraphisdifferentfromotherpartsofthenovel.KennethGrahamhascommentedthatthesentencebuildsupitspartsinacarefullylaborioussequence-“allhispainandwhatwasleftofhisstrengthandhislonggonepride”.Itemulatesthemovementoftheexhaustedmarlinandthephysicalstrainoftheoldman.Anditmountstoaheavycrescendointheveryun-prosaicinversionofadjectives-“long,deep,wide”-endinginthevirtuallypoeticcadence,“interminableinthewater.”Thedialogue,too,iscombinedwiththerealisticandtheartificial.Usuallythecontentcontainsandtheexpressioncontainstheartificial.InTheOldManandtheSea,thelanguagestyleisverypeculiarfromHemingway’sotherwritings.ThisisbecausethenovelisanEnglishversionoftheSpanishthatSantiagoandMandolinwouldspeakinreallife.“SincewearemeanttorealizethatSantiagoandMandolincouldnotpossiblyspeaklikethis,sinceEnglishisnothistongueanyway,wearemorelikelytoacceptotherartificialitiesofthedialogue.Usingthedeviceofapretended‘translation’,whichwouldbeboundtostiltinanycase,Hemingwaycan‘poetize’thedialogueashewishes.”Thespeakersaredistancedfromreaderstoacertaindegree.Andwhiletheirlanguagetakingonakindofepicdignity,itdoesnotloseitsconvincingness.Evenslightlystrangeexchangeslikethefollowingbecomefairlyacceptable.Forexample:

‘You’remyalarmclock’,theboysaid.

‘Ageismyalarmclock’,theoldmansaid.‘Whydooldmanwakesoearly?

Isittohaveonelongerday?

‘Idon’tknow’,theboysaid.‘AllIknowisthatyoungboyssleeplateandhard’.

‘Icanrememberit’,theoldmansaid.‘I’llwakenyouintime.’

Thesimplesentencesandtherepeatedrhythmshitattheprofunditiesthatthesurfaceofthelanguagetriestoignore.Itssimplicityishighlysuggestiveandconnotative,andoftenreflectsthestrongundercurrentofemotion.Indeed,themorecloselythereaderwatches,thelessroughandsimplethecharactersappear.InDeathintheAfternoon,Hemingwayusesaneffectivemetaphortodescribehiswritingstyle:

Ifawriteroftheproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.AmongalltheworksofHemingway,thesagaofSantiagoisthoughtasthemosttypicalonetothisIcebergTheory.Theauthorseldomexpresseshisownfeelingsdirectly,nordoeshemakeanycommentsorexplanations.Onthecontrary,hetriestonarrateanddescribethingsobjectivelyandblendhisownfeelingsharmoniouslytothenaturalnarrationanddescriptionthisgivesreadersapicturescompression,fromwhich-the1/8oftheicebergabovewater,theycanlearntheimplyingmeaningandfeelingsoftheauthor-7/8oft