语言学详解.doc

语言学详解.doc

《语言学详解.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学详解.doc（45页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

ADetailedNoteforLinguistics

Chapter1:

Introduction

1.Definethefollowingterms:

1）.Linguistics:

Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2）.Generallinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.

3）.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

4）.Synchronicstudy:

Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.

5）.Diachronicstudy:

Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.

6）.Languagecompetence:

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（转化生成语法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.

7）.Languageperformance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

8）.Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.

9）.Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

10）.Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

11）.Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

12）.Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

13）.Duality:

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.

14）.Displacement:

languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

15）.Culturaltransmission:

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.

16）.Designfeatures:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

2.Explainthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

Linguisticsinvestigatesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

Linguisticstudyisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofauthentic（可靠的，真实的）languagedata.Noseriouslinguisticconclusionisreacheduntilafterthelinguisthasdonethefollowingthreethings:

observingthewaylanguageisactuallyused,formulatingsomehypotheses,andtestingthesehypothesesagainstlinguisticfactstoprovetheirvalidity.

3.Whatarethebranchesoflinguistics?

Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?

（语言学的主要分支是什么。

每个分支的研究对象是什么？

）

Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

1）Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy

2）Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication

3）Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication

4）Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords

5）Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

6）Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

7）Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butinthecontextofuse

8）Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

9）Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

10）Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteaching,espe