Chapter6DocumentaryCollections跟单托收文档格式.docx
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TENOR
Thetenoristhecredittermofthedraft.Itcanbeatsight(inasightdraft)oraftersightorafterdate(inatermdraft).
...CASEOFNEED...
Thecaseofneedisthepartyintheimporter'
scountrynamedbytheexporterwhomayassistinobtainingpaymentoracceptanceofadraftorwhomaybeempoweredbytheexportertoactfullyonhis/herbehalf---waivingofprotest,allowingadiscount,etc.Whetherthecaseofneedis'
forguidance'
or'
accepttheirinstructions'
putanXintheappropriatebox.
...DOCUMENTSAGAINSTPAYMENT
Inthedocumentsagainstpayment(D/P)---documentsonpayment(DOPorD/P)---thedocumentsattachedtothedraft(bill)drawnbytheexporterandneededtoobtaingoodsaredeliverabletotheimporteronlyafterhe/shehaspaidthedraft.Thedocumentsagainstpayment(D/P)areappliedtoasightdraft.
...DOCUMENTSAGAINSTACCEPTANCE
Inthedocumentsagainstacceptance(D/A)---documentsonacceptance(DOAorD/A)---thedocumentsattachedtothedraft(bill)drawnbytheexporterandneededtoobtaingoodsaredeliverabletotheimporteronlyafterhe/shehasacceptedthedraftforpaymentlater.Thedocumentsagainstacceptance(D/A)applytoatermdraft.
REMITPROCEEDS...
Whenthepaymentisreceivedbythecollectingbank,itremitstheproceedstotheremittingbank.Theremittingbankthencredittheaccountoftheexporter,lessanyapplicablecharges.
PROTESTandDONOTPROTEST
Theprotestisthelegalactiontobeundertakenbythecollectingbank,attheinstructionsoftheexporter,incasetheimporterdoesnotpayasightdraft,ordoesnotacceptatermdraft,ordoesnotpayanaccepteddraftonmaturity.Inpractice,theprotestusuallyisrequiredbytheexporteranditismadewithinthree(3)workingdaysafterthepresentationormaturitydate.Incertaincountries,failuretoprotestmaycausetheexportertolosethelegalrightsagainsttheimporter.
Incaseswheretheinstructionis'
donotprotest'
suchaninstructionmayencourageinactionordeferredpaymentbytheimporter.Insomecountries,particularlyintheWest,protestagainsttheimportermayspoilhis/hercreditstanding.Hence,theimporterisencouragedtoactpromptlyif'
protest'
isinstructedbytheexporter.
COLLECTINTEREST...
Theinterestcharge,ifany,normallyisagreeduponbetweentheexporterandimporter.Itiseitherbuiltintotheexportpriceorcollectedseparately.Undercertainpre-arrangedcreditterms,adiscountmaybeallowedontheearlypaymentofatermdraft.
COLLECTALLYOURBANKCHARGES...
Inpractice,thecollectingbankmaynotcollectsomeoftheirchargesdespitethefactthatinstructionstocollectalltheirchargesisgiven.
___DAYSAFTER_____OFTHISSOLEOFEXCHANGE
The'
SOLEOFEXCHANGE'
standsforthesolebillofexchange,popularlycalledthesolabill,whichisadraftwithonlyonecopyissued.
Inasightdraft,entertheword“sight”inthespace'
AFTER___'
andleavethe'
___DAYS'
blankorputdashes(-----)init,forexample,
DAYSAFTER
sight
or
-----
Inatermdraft,enterthenumberofdaysinthe'
andtheword“sight”inthe'
(ifdraftisaftersight),forexample,
90
Or,entertheword“date”or“B/Ldate”(billofladingdate)orotherwordingsinthe'
(ifdraftisafterdate),forexample,
180
date
150
B/Ldate
6.2BillsofExchange(Drafts)
汇票
Thebillofexchange,commonlyreferredtoasthedraftorthebill,isanunconditionalorderinwriting,signedandaddressedbythedrawer(theexporterusually)tothedrawee(theconfirmingbankortheissuingbankusually),requiringthedraweetopaythedraweracertainsumofmoneyatsightoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime.
Thedraftiswidelyusedininternationaltrade,mostfrequentlyinthepaymentagainstaletterofcredit(L/C).ItisalsousedintheopenaccountwithoutanyL/Cinvolved.
SampleInstrument:
Draft
The“No.”(number)intheabovesampledraftmaybeusedfortheexporter'
sreferencenumber.Blankdraftsareavailableatthepayingbank.
1.FirstofExchange(SecondUnpaid)andSecondofExchange(FirstUnpaid)
Inpractice,itisnotuncommonthattwodraftsaredrawnonthedraweebankinaletterofcredit(L/C)toensurethatatleastonedraftreachesthedraweewhentheyaredispatchedseparately.Theissuanceofmorethanonedraftinaletterofcreditfollowsthesamelogicasintheissuanceofbillofladinginmorethanoneoriginal.Attimeseventhreedraftsmaybedrawnonthedraweebank.Thispracticewasnotuncommonformerlyincertaincountries.
Incontrast,normallyonedraft(solabill)isissuedinadocumentarycollectionwherethedraftisdrawnontheimporter.
Thesampledraftshownaboveisthefirstdraft,marked“FirstofExchange(SecondUnpaid)”andthenumber“1”.Theseconddraft,ifanyisissued,ismarked“SecondofExchange(FirstUnpaid)”andthenumber“2”.Somedraftsmaynotbenumbered“1”or“2”.
2.TheLettersofUndertakingInsteadoftheDrafts
Incertainexportingcountries,thegovernmentmaylevyaheavytaxondrafts.Insuchacircumstance,theexportermayrequesttheimportertospecifyinhis/herletterofcredit(L/C)applicationthat“Nodraftsbeissued”.Whenthedocumentsarepresentedtothenegotiatingbank,thebankissuesaletterofundertakingindicatingwhenandwherethemoneywillbepaid,insteadofacceptingadraftdrawnbytheexporter.
3.'
Avalised'
TermDrafts
Theword“aval”inFrenchmeansendorsement.Atermdraftacceptedbytheimporterdoesnotguaranteepaymentonmaturity,henceitisnotreadilyacceptedfordiscountingorascollateralforaloan.Theexportermayarrangetohavetheaccepteddrafttobe'
avalised'
bytheimporter'
sbank---thebankaddsitsendorsementasaguaranteeofpayment.The'
termdraftcanbereadilydiscounted,thusprovidingtheexporterwithimmediatefunds.
6.2.1SightDraftsversusTermDrafts
即期和延付汇票
1.SightDraft
Thesightdraftismostcommonlyusedininternationaltrade.Inasightdraft,thepaymentisondemandoronpresentationofthenegotiationdocumentstothepayingbankortheimporter.Inpractice,thebankmaypaywithinthree(3)workingdays(notinstantly)afterthereceiptandreviewofthenegotiationdocumentsandiftheyareinorder,thatis,thedocumentscomplyexactlywiththeletterofcredit(L/C)stipulations.
Incertaincountrieswherethebusinessrelationshipbetweentheexporterandthebankiswellestablished,thebankmaypaytheexporterafewhoursafterthereceiptofthenegotiationdocumentsthatareinorder.
InthesampleL/Citwasstipulated“availablebyyourdraft(s)drawnatsight”,soasthepaymentisbysightdraft(s).
2.TermDraft
Thetermdraft---timedraft---isusedinadeferredpaymentarrangement.Thepaymentisonthematuritydatedeterminableinaccordancewiththestipulationsoftheletterofcredit(L/C).Thematuritydatecanbeatastatedperiodaftersightorafterdate:
▪aftersight---
afterthedraftispresentedtothedraweeforacceptance,forexample,“at90dayssight”and“at120daysaftersight”.
▪afterdate---
afteraspecificdate,forexample,“at150daysB/Ldate”(i.e.,thematuritydateis150daysafterthedateofthebilloflading)and“at180daysafterdate”(i.e.,thematuritydateis180daysafterthedateofthedraft).
Unlessthematuritydateistiedtoaspecificdate,theimportermayrefusetoacceptthedraftuntilthegoodshavearrived,sosuchadeferredacceptancecanextendthematuritydate.
Inotherwords,inatermdrafttheexporterextendsthecredittotheimporter.
Ifatermdraftisacceptedbytheacceptingbank(inthecaseofdraftdrawnontheconfirmingbankortheissuingbankorotherbankstipulatedintheletterofcredit),suchdraftbecomeswhatisknownasbanker'
sacceptance.Theexportermayholdthebanker'
sacceptancependingpaymentbythebankonthematuritydateordiscountsitwiththebank,thusprovidestheexporterwithimmediatefunds.
Ifatermdraftisacceptedbytheimporter(inthecaseofdraftdrawnontheimporter)whenitispresentedtohim/herbythecollecting(presenting)bank,suchdraftbecomeswhatisknownastradeacceptance.Inpractice,thecollectingbankusuallyholdsthetradeacceptancependingpaymentbytheimporteronthematuritydateandadvis