narratologya guide to the theory of narrative.docx

narratologya guide to the theory of narrative.docx

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narratologyaguidetothetheoryofnarrative

Narratology:

AGuidetotheTheoryofNarrative

ManfredJahn

Fullreference:

Jahn,Manfred.2003.Narratology:

AGuidetotheTheoryofNarrative.PartIIIofPoems,Plays,andProse:

AGuidetotheTheoryofLiteraryGenres.EnglishDepartment,UniversityofCologne.

Version:

1.7.

Date:

28July2003

Thispage:

http:

//www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/pppn.htm

Projectintroductorypage:

http:

//www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/ppp.htm

Email:

Manfred.Jahn@Uni-Koeln.de.（Commentsandquestionsofcommoninterestwillbepublishedonthisproject'squestionsandanswerpagepppq.htm.）

Homepage:

http:

//www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/

Tofacilitateglobalindexing,allparagraphsinthissectionarelabeled'N'for'narratology'.Ifyouquotefromthisdocument,useparagraphreferences（e.g.,N5.4）ratherthanpagenumbers.

Contents

N1.Gettingstarted

N2.Thenarratologicalframework

   N2.1Backgroundandbasics

   N2.2.Narrativegenres

   N2.3.Narrativecommunication

   N2.4.NarrativeLevels

N3.Narration,Focalization,andNarrativeSituations

   N3.1.Narration（voice）

   N3.2.Focalization（mood）

   N3.3.Narrativesituation

N4.Action,storyanalysis,tellability

N5.Tense,Time,andNarrativeModes

   N5.1.NarrativeTenses

   N5.2.TimeAnalysis

   N5.3.NarrativeModes

N6.Settingandfictionalspace

N7.CharactersandCharacterization

N8.Discourses:

representationsofspeech,thoughtandconsciousness

N9.ACaseStudy:

AlanSillitoe's"TheFishingBoatPicture"

N10.References.

N1.Gettingstarted

Thischapterbuildsatoolboxofbasicnarratologicalconceptsandshowshowtoputittoworkintheanalysisoffiction.Thedefinitionsarebasedonanumberofclassicalintroductions--specifically,Genette（1980[1972];1988[1983],keyterms:

voice,homo-andheterodiegetic,focalization）;Chatman（1978,keyterms:

overtness,covertness）,Lanser（1981;keyterms:

voice,humanlimitation,omniscience）;Stanzel（1984,keyterms:

narrativesituation,authorial,figural,reflector）,andBal（1985,keyterm:

focalizer）.Inthelaterchaptersofthisscript,thetoolboxwillserveasanorganizationalframeworkforcontextualizingalargenumberofmorespecifictermsandconcepts.

N1.1.Normally,theliteraturedepartmentofabookshopissubdividedintosectionsthatreflectthetraditionalgenres--Poetry,Drama,andFiction.ThetextsthatonefindsintheFictiondepartmentarenovelsandshortstories（shortstoriesareusuallypublishedinananthologyoracollection）.Inordertofacilitatecomparison,allpassagesquotedinthefollowingaretakenfromthefirstchaptersofnovels.Thus,asasideeffect,thissectionwillalsobeasurveyofrepresentativeincipits（beginnings）.Hey,that'sonetechnicaltermoutofthewayalready.

Theforegoingdecisiontogeneralizefromasingletexttypeismotivatedbypurelypracticalreasons.Thereisnothinglogicalornecessaryaboutit;indeed,manytheoristsprefertokickoffwithmore"basic"typesofnarratives,real-worldnarrativessuchasanecdotes,newsreports,etc.,andthenworktheirway"up"tofiction.Here,however,Isuggestdoingittheotherwayround.Novelsareanextremelyrichandvariedmedium:

everythingyoucanfindinothertypesofnarrativeyoufindinthenovel;mostofwhatyoufindinthenovelyoucanfindinothertypesofnarrative,whetherinnonfiction,naturalnarrative,drama,film,etc.So,let'sgotothebookshelf,getoutafewnovels,openthemonpage1,andseewhatwecandotogetananalyticalgriponthem.

N1.2.Firstwemustdefinenarrativeitself.Whatarethemainingredientsofanarrative?

Whatmustanarrativehaveforittocountasnarrative?

Forasimpleanswerletussaythatallnarrativeshaveastory.Butletusimmediatelyaddtwoadditionalrequirements:

（1）anykindofstoryisnotenough;letusstipulatethatastorymusthaveanactionwhichinvolvescharacters;and

（2）letusalsoassumethatallstoriescomewithastory-teller.Actually,ourpreferredtermforastory-tellerwillbe'narrator'.Anarrativehasastorybasedonanactioncausedandexperiencedbycharacters,andanarratorwhotellsit.Indeed,thisgettingstartedsectionwillmainlyfocusonnarratorsandcharacters.

N1.3.Inareal-lifeface-to-facenarrativesituation,wehaveanarratorwhoisaflesh-and-bloodperson,somebodywhoseesus,somebodywhomwecanseeandhear.Butwhatdoweknowofatextualnarratorwhenallwegetislinesofprint?

Cansuchanarratorhaveavoice,andifso,howcanitbecomemanifestinatext?

Considerourfirstexcerpt,fromthebeginningofJ.D.Salinger'sCatcherintheRye（firstpublished1951）.

ChapterOne

Ifyoureallywanttohearaboutit,thefirstthingyou'llprobablywanttoknowiswhereIwasborn,andwhatmylousychildhoodwaslike,andhowmyparentswereoccupiedand