对比中英文化Word文档下载推荐.docx

对比中英文化Word文档下载推荐.docx

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选题方向：

英美文化

选题：

对比中英文化中的性别歧视contrastsexismbetweenChinaandAmerica

写作提纲：

相同点（thesamepoint）

都是歧视女性（lookupdownfemale）

词语都是体现男尊女卑的思想（wordsshowmanaresuperiortowoman）

不同点（differentpoints）

引起的原因不同（causereasons）

改变的时间不同（changethetime）

Abstract

SexisminEnglishlanguagehaslaunchedalongwiththevigorousdevelopmentofwomen’sliberationmovementsincetheendof1960s.Asamirrorreflectingthesociety,languageimagesthesocialviewsandvalues.Sexisminsocietyisthusinevitablyreflectedintheuseoflanguage.ThepaperbasedontheanalysisofsexdiscriminationinEnglishexploresthatitisbynomeansanextinctionofsexistlanguagesolongasthesexisminsocietyexists.Thecausesofsexisminthisthesisaretheinequalitybetweenmaleandfemale.Inancienttime,thethoughtsthatmaleshostfemalesandthetreatmentofwomenasinferiorstomenareinvogue.Menarealwaysatsuperiorpositionstowomeninthesocialeconomy,inthepolitics,aswellasinthepeople’straditionalideas,sotheideaofsexdiscriminationhasreflectedinthelanguage.ThethesissummarizesthephenomenaofsexisminEnglishbyusinguniversalevidence,andtheyareshownanddiscussedinfouraspects:

Englishproverbs,Englishexpressions,EnglishvocabularyandthemeaningsofEnglishwords.Lastly,thethesisintroducestwofeasiblestrategiestoerasesexisminEnglishlanguage,andtheyare:

languagereformandsocialreform.Themostimportantoneistoerasethesexistconceptionsandimprovewomen’sstatus,respectandsupportthem.Thelanguagetransformationcanberealisticonthebasisofthesocialreform.

Introduction

Languageisasocialphenomenon,andithasacloserelationshipwiththesociallife,thelanguageisusedinaspecificsocialgroupanditisnotonlythecarrieroftheideologicalcontent,butamirrorofsociallife,itrevealspeople’straditionalthoughtsthatsexdiscriminationagainstwomeninthesociety.Fromthedevelopmentandchangesofthelanguage,peoplecanconcludethatsexdiscriminationdoesnotonlyexistinChina,butinallthecountries.Therefore,howdoesEnglishlanguagereflectthesocialphenomenon?

ThefirstpersonwhodidresearchonthegenderandlanguageistheDenmarklinguistOtto.Jespersen,heregardsEnglishasthemostmasculinelanguagethatisfamiliartohim,anditisamancenteredlanguage.Thedomesticscholarsandexperts,YangYonglin,BaiJiehong,andsoon,havedonethoroughresearchaboutsexistelementintheEnglishlanguage,theyalsohaveintroducedsomefeasiblestrategiestoerasethesexism,buttheyjusthavedonethoroughresearchfromthelanguagestrategyaspect.Inthethesis,theauthordoestheresearchfromthecombinationofthesocialreformsandlanguagereforms,anditisessentialtoerasethesexismfrompeople’sminds.English,asoneofthemostwidespreadlanguages,itssexistelementshallnotbesuitabletotheinterculturalcommunications,butthereismassivediscriminationinit,peopleshouldpaymuchmoreattentiontothesexequalityandtheimprovementofwomen’ssocialpositions.UnderstandingthesexistphenomenoninEnglishlanguagehelpspeoplestudythelanguageculture,andcorrectlytreatthechangesofthelanguageinthehistoricaldevelopment.ThethesisemphaticallyintroducesandanalyzesthespecificphenomenaofsexismandalsoprovidescorrespondingstrategiesthatcanbeusedtoeliminatesexisminEnglishlanguage.

Ⅰ.ADefinitiontoSexisminEnglishLanguage

Sexism,intheOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-Chinesedictionary,itmeansthatdisapprovingactionbasedontheideasorbeliefthatthemembersofonesexarelessintelligent,able,andskillful,etc,thanthemembersoftheothersex,especiallythatwomenarelessablethanmenandthoseparticularjobsandactionsaresuitableforwomenandothersaresuitableformen.SexisminEnglishreferstoEnglishexpressessexistassumptionsaboutdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenasintheprejudicialuseoffemaleormalewords

Sexistlanguageexpressesunfairassumptionsanddifferences,anditcanbeeitherexplicit,asintheprejudicialuseofmaleorfemalepronouns,orimplicit.Usinguniversalevidence,thethesishererevealshowoftenEnglishexpressessexistassumptionsaboutdifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.

JustasaproverbgoesinEngland:

“Ifyouseeanoldman,sitdownandtakealesson;

ifyouseeanoldwoman,throwastone.”whatexpressesEnglishversionofthesexismprescribedforwomen,isparticularlyconfining.Englishjokesandfolkloreareblatantlysexist.（NilsenAlleenPace,1990）.Infact,womanintheworldnomatterinwhichcountryshelives,therolesdesignatedtothemisunfairinthesociety.

Ⅱ.SexisminEnglishLanguage

Thepaperpresentsthesexistphenomenon,whichisveryuniversalinEnglishlanguage.Anditisshownanddiscussedinfouraspects:

Englishproverbs,Englishexpressions,EnglishvocabularyandthemeaningsofEnglishwords.

A.SexisminEnglishProverbs

Proverbiscrystallizationofhumanwisdomandincarnationoftheconciselanguage.Thelinguistsconsidertheproverbsasamirroroftheethnic,thelivefossilofthelanguage.Inrecentyears,withthefurtherstudyofthelanguage,thelinguistshavefoundwhatreferstobothgenders,mostproverbsineverykindoflanguageunavoidablyexpresstheaffectionofthemalechauvinismandfeudalconsciousnessofthetreatmentoffemalesareinferiortomales,andfollowingsaresomeusualphenomenaofthesexistlanguageinEnglishproverbs.

1.Rolecategory

Thewomenareconsideredasdeliciousfoodinthesociety,therolesofwomeninthesocietyandcultureineverycountryareverypassive,butmenareactive,forexample:

“Afairwomanwithoutvirtueislikepalledwine”,“allwomenmaybewon”,“wordsarewomen,anddeedsaremen”.Thesentence“longhairandshortwit”expresseswomenislackofwisdom,butmenareclever,anotherexamplegoeslikethis:

“whenanassclimbsaladder,wemayfindwisdominwomen”（庄和诚，2002）,thesexistlanguageexpresseswomenarelackofwisdomandtheyarecapricious.

2.MannerCategory

Inmodernsociety,mostpeopleholdsuchmindthatmenaresuccessfulbutwomenaresexy.InAmericanculture,awomanisvaluedfortheattractivenessandsexinessofherbody,whilemanisvaluedforhisphysicalstrengthandaccomplishments.Apersuasivepieceofevidencesupportingthisviewisthatfemaleeponymsrelatecloselytoawoman’sphysicalanatomy,whilethemasculineeponymshavenothingtodowiththenamesake’sbody,butinstead,honorthemanforhisachievementandaccomplishment.

3.MarriageCategory

Inrelationtomarriage,thereismuchlinguisticevidenceshowingthatweddingsaremoreimportanttowomenthantomen.Manyproverbsreflectsuchfeudalconsciousnessthatgirlsarenotimportantinafamily.Forexample:

“itisasadhousewherethehencrowslouderthanthecock”,“Marryyoursonwhenyouwill,yourdaughterwhenyoucan”,“therearemanygoodwomen,itistruebuttheyareintheirgraves”.（庄和诚，2002）Suchexampleshaverevealedwomenareinferiorandsubordinatetothem.

B.SexisminEnglishExpressions

Englishhasgraduallyformedthetendencythattheexpressionsreferredtothemalegeneralizetheonespointedtothetwogendersduringitsdevelopment.Althoughpeopledonotmindtodiscriminateagainstwomenduringtheircommunications,thephenomenathatpeoplediscriminateagainstwomenreflectthegenderbiasofsociety,andsometimes,womenfeelinsultfromotherpeople.Moreover,someexpressionsstructurethatelaboratethemeaningsofdiscriminatingagainstwomanhaveemerged,andthereforepeoplecallEnglishasexistlanguage.

1.TheSummaryofMasculineExpressionsonTwoGenders

MasculineEnglishexpressionssummarizetwogenders.Peopleoftenmeetsuchsentencesduringourstudyanddailylife:

“anypatientisfreetobringhiscomplainttomeifhefeelsaggrieved”,“wehopethereaderwillusehisownjudgment”,“everyoneshouldhandhishomeworktomorrow”.Fromtheaboveexamples,itisclearthatthewords“his”or“he“inthesentencesrefertotwogenders,notthesinglegender,thatistosay,“he”contains“she”,“his”contains“her”.Besides,tobeginaletter,wordsreferredtomalescontaintwogendersinsalutationsofaletter,peopleoftenusethewordsreferredtomansummarizemanandwomanwhentheydonotknowthereceiver’sspecificsexofthepeople,forexample,informalletters,peopleoftenuse“DearsirorDeargentlemen”,butdonotcareforthereceiver’ssex.Thesexismexistsineveryfield,sopeopleshouldpaymuchattentiontothesexistphenomenoninthelanguage.

2.SexOrdersinExpressionsandWords

Femalewordsarebehindmalewords,insomeEnglishexpressions,whenreferringtomenandwomen,thetwogendersarenotequal,femalewordsarebehindmalewords,forinstance:

brotherandsister,fatherandmother,boysandgirls,husbandandwife,manandwoman.Thosedonotelaboratethesexistmeaningsinformbutwithsexisminsense.Thejobsteacher,nurse,secretary,model,andetc,theseneutralwordsaredesignatedtofemale,butprofessor,lawyer,doctor,etc.arerecognizedasmasculinewordsanddesignatedtomales.Allthesecustomariesareasocialbias,justlookatanotherexample:

“professional”,whenamaniscalledaprofessional,heisthoughttobeadoctororalawyer,butwhenpeoplehearawomanreferredtoasaprofessional,andtheyarelikelytothinkofaprostitute.Butitisnottruetoday,becausesomanywomenhavebecomedoctorsandlawyersthatitisnolongerincongruoustothinkofwomeninthoseprofessionalroles.Peopleshould