对比中英文化Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、选题方向：英美文化选题：对比中英文化中的性别歧视 contrast sexism between China and America 写作提纲：相同点（the same point ）都是歧视女性（look up down female ）词语都是体现男尊女卑的思想（words show man are superior to woman ）不同点（different points ）引起的原因不同（cause reasons）改变的时间不同（change the time）AbstractSexism in English language has launched along with t

2、he vigorous development of womens liberation movement since the end of 1960s. As a mirror reflecting the society, language images the social views and values. Sexism in society is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language. The paper based on the analysis of sex discrimination in English explo

3、res that it is by no means an extinction of sexist language so long as the sexism in society exists. The causes of sexism in this thesis are the inequality between male and female. In ancient time, the thoughts that males host females and the treatment of women as inferiors to men are in vogue. Men

4、are always at superior positions to women in the social economy, in the politics, as well as in the peoples traditional ideas, so the idea of sex discrimination has reflected in the language. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English by using universal evidence, and they are shown and

5、 discussed in four aspects: English proverbs, English expressions, English vocabulary and the meanings of English words. Lastly, the thesis introduces two feasible strategies to erase sexism in English language, and they are: language reform and social reform. The most important one is to erase the

6、sexist conceptions and improve womens status, respect and support them. The language transformation can be realistic on the basis of the social reform.IntroductionLanguage is a social phenomenon, and it has a close relationship with the social life, the language is used in a specific social group an

7、d it is not only the carrier of the ideological content, but a mirror of social life, it reveals peoples traditional thoughts that sex discrimination against women in the society. From the development and changes of the language, people can conclude that sex discrimination does not only exist in Chi

8、na, but in all the countries. Therefore, how does English language reflect the social phenomenon?The first person who did research on the gender and language is the Denmark linguist Otto.Jespersen, he regards English as the most masculine language that is familiar to him, and it is a man centered la

9、nguage. The domestic scholars and experts, Yang Yonglin, Bai Jiehong, and so on, have done thorough research about sexist element in the English language, they also have introduced some feasible strategies to erase the sexism, but they just have done thorough research from the language strategy aspe

10、ct. In the thesis, the author does the research from the combination of the social reforms and language reforms, and it is essential to erase the sexism from peoples minds. English, as one of the most widespread languages, its sexist element shall not be suitable to the intercultural communications,

11、 but there is massive discrimination in it, people should pay much more attention to the sex equality and the improvement of womens social positions. Understanding the sexist phenomenon in English language helps people study the language culture, and correctly treat the changes of the language in th

12、e historical development. The thesis emphatically introduces and analyzes the specific phenomena of sexism and also provides corresponding strategies that can be used to eliminate sexism in English language. A Definition to Sexism in English LanguageSexism, in the Oxford Advanced Learners English-Ch

13、inese dictionary, it means that disapproving action based on the ideas or belief that the members of one sex are less intelligent, able, and skillful, etc, than the members of the other sex, especially that women are less able than men and those particular jobs and actions are suitable for women and

14、 others are suitable for men. Sexism in English refers to English expresses sexist assumptions about differences between men and women as in the prejudicial use of female or male words Sexist language expresses unfair assumptions and differences, and it can be either explicit, as in the prejudicial

15、use of male or female pronouns, or implicit. Using universal evidence, the thesis here reveals how often English expresses sexist assumptions about differences between men and women.Just as a proverb goes in England: “If you see an old man, sit down and take a lesson; if you see an old woman, throw

16、a stone.” what expresses English version of the sexism prescribed for women, is particularly confining. English jokes and folklore are blatantly sexist. （Nilsen Alleen Pace, 1990）. In fact, woman in the world no matter in which country she lives, the roles designated to them is unfair in the society

17、. Sexism in English LanguageThe paper presents the sexist phenomenon, which is very universal in English language. And it is shown and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs, English expressions, English vocabulary and the meanings of English words.A. Sexism in English ProverbsProverb is crysta

18、llization of human wisdom and incarnation of the concise language. The linguists consider the proverbs as a mirror of the ethnic, the live fossil of the language. In recent years, with the further study of the language, the linguists have found what refers to both genders, most proverbs in every kin

19、d of language unavoidably express the affection of the male chauvinism and feudal consciousness of the treatment of females are inferior to males, and followings are some usual phenomena of the sexist language in English proverbs.1. Role categoryThe women are considered as delicious food in the soci

20、ety, the roles of women in the society and culture in every country are very passive, but men are active, for example: “A fair woman without virtue is like palled wine”, “all women may be won”, “words are women, and deeds are men”. The sentence “long hair and short wit” expresses women is lack of wi

21、sdom, but men are clever, another example goes like this: “when an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women” （庄和诚，2002）, the sexist language expresses women are lack of wisdom and they are capricious.2. Manner Category In modern society, most people hold such mind that men are successful but

22、 women are sexy. In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness and sexiness of her body, while man is valued for his physical strength and accomplishments. A persuasive piece of evidence supporting this view is that female eponyms relate closely to a womans physical anatomy, while th

23、e masculine eponyms have nothing to do with the namesakes body, but instead, honor the man for his achievement and accomplishment.3. Marriage CategoryIn relation to marriage, there is much linguistic evidence showing that weddings are more important to women than to men. Many proverbs reflect such f

24、eudal consciousness that girls are not important in a family. For example: “it is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock”, “Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can”, “there are many good women, it is true but they are in their graves”. （庄和诚，2002） Such examples have rev

25、ealed women are inferior and subordinate to them.B. Sexism in English Expressions English has gradually formed the tendency that the expressions referred to the male generalize the ones pointed to the two genders during its development. Although people do not mind to discriminate against women durin

26、g their communications, the phenomena that people discriminate against women reflect the gender bias of society, and sometimes, women feel insult from other people. Moreover, some expressions structure that elaborate the meanings of discriminating against woman have emerged, and therefore people cal

27、l English a sexist language.1. The Summary of Masculine Expressions on Two Genders Masculine English expressions summarize two genders. People often meet such sentences during our study and daily life: “any patient is free to bring his complaint to me if he feels aggrieved”, “we hope the reader will

28、 use his own judgment”, “everyone should hand his homework tomorrow”. From the above examples, it is clear that the words “his” or “he “in the sentences refer to two genders, not the single gender, that is to say, “he” contains “she”, “his” contains “her”. Besides, to begin a letter, words referred

29、to males contain two genders in salutations of a letter, people often use the words referred to man summarize man and woman when they do not know the receivers specific sex of the people, for example, in formal letters, people often use “Dear sir or Dear gentlemen”, but do not care for the receivers

30、 sex. The sexism exists in every field, so people should pay much attention to the sexist phenomenon in the language.2. Sex Orders in Expressions and WordsFemale words are behind male words, in some English expressions, when referring to men and women, the two genders are not equal, female words are

31、 behind male words, for instance: brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, man and woman. Those do not elaborate the sexist meanings in form but with sexism in sense. The jobs teacher, nurse, secretary, model, and etc, these neutral words are designated to female, but

32、 professor, lawyer, doctor, etc. are recognized as masculine words and designated to males. All these customaries are a social bias, just look at another example: “professional”, when a man is called a professional, he is thought to be a doctor or a lawyer, but when people hear a woman referred to as a professional, and they are likely to think of a prostitute. But it is not true today, because so many women have become doctors and lawyers that it is no longer incongruous to think of women in those professional roles. People should