四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题更新Word格式.docx
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heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.
Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubpision.And,withfinerandfinersubpisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'
others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.
1.Theappliedscientist______.
A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblems
B.providesthebasicknowledgeforpractice
C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopractice
D.doesoriginalresearchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature
2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.
A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscience
B.theappliedscientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature
C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdone
D.appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist
3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.
A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals
B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit
C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures
D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures
4.Finermadfinersubpisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.
A.greaterindependenceofeachscience
B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences
C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialists
D.theneedforonlyonclassificationofscientists
5."
Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"
meansthat____.
A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyear
B.sciencehasdevelopedmorefieldsofendeavor
C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon
D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace
Passage2
InTheDisunitingofAmerica:
ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition(W.W.Norton)SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'
swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica'
s"
culturewars"
.
Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:
Whatholdsanationtogether?
AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?
Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestopidethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitspersitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhatheseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:
thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradicalrightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.
Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"
meltingpot"
dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallof
themthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.
6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.
A.ameltingpot
B.anationwithperseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocess
C.afederationofethnicandracialcommunities
D.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups
7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.
A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhood
B.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalism
C.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicity
D.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity
8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.
A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhood
B.istryingtorestricttheBillofRight
C.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudice
D.hastriedtoobstructintellectualfreedom
9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'
sbookwill____.
A.causeangeramongtheradicalright
B.causeangeramongtheradicalleft
C.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmerica
D.provokethinkingamongthereaders
10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.
A.ahistorybook
B.abookintroduction
C.abookreview
D.ajournalofliterarycriticism
Passage3
TheElNino("
littleboy"
inSpanish)thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.
Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresultingdroughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina("
littlegirl"
)arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO(ElNinoSouthernOscillation)thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbytherotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.
Inlastseason'
scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°
Cdegreesto28°
Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacinghigh-altitudewinds.
ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummerover38°
Cdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.
EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.
11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.
A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweaken
B.thenormaleastwardtradewindsweaken
C.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthen
D.thenormaleastwardtradewindsstrengthen
12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires.
B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected,
C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'
srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.
D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.
13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?
A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.
B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.
C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.
D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.
14.Thephrase"
inarow"
inthelastparagraphmeans____.
A.continuously
B.inaline
C.awfully
D.nowandthen
15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.
A.anAustraliaobserver
B.aBritishn