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PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES） 

ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO） 

ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN） 

iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Howtosurviveadevastatingearthquake?

Whatexactlyisanearthquake?

Earthquakes,originatingmilesunderground,areapartofglobaltectonics（筑造学）,aprocessthatoftenchangestheelevationofthelandanditsmorphology（形态学）;

theresultofvolcanicactivity,suchasthequakesthatshookWashingtonstateweeksbeforeMountSaintHelens’volcanoeruptedin1980;

inducedbyMan.

Theearthisnotreallyonesolidmass,butisinfactmadeupofseveralimmenseplatesthatarealwayspushingagainstoneanother.It'

sabitlikebeingonacrowdedsubway;

theplatesmakinguptheeartharesotightlypushedtogetherthatthereisalwaysastruggleforroom.Eventually,thispressurebecomessogreatbetweencertainplatesthattheyfinallymove,violentlyshiftingtheirposition.Thatisatectonicearthquake.Theseconstantstrugglesandshiftingoftheearthareglobaltectonics.Theseareusuallythemostdevastatingofallquakes.

Earthquakesmayoccurinanareabefore,during,andafteravolcaniceruption,andaretheresultofactiveforcesconnectedwiththeeruption,butarenotthecauseofthevolcanicactivityitself.

Man-inducedearthquakesareoftencausedbysuchthingsasthedeep-seadrillingthathasoccurredinrecentyears.Suchactivitydeepintotheearthcansometimesincreasepressureontheplates,makingatensesituationmuchworse.

Canscientistspredictearthquakes?

Cananimalspredictearthquakes?

Scientistshaveneverpredictedamajorearthquake.Theydonotknowhow,andtheydonotexpecttoknowhowanytimeintheforeseeablefuture.However,probabilitiescanbecalculatedforpotentialfutureearthquakes.Forexample,scientistsestimatethatoverthenext30yearsthere'

sa67%probabilityofamajorearthquakeoccurringintheSanFranciscoBayarea.Scientistsoftenfocustheireffortsonthelong-term;

lesseningofearthquakehazardsbyhelpingtoimprovethesafetyofstructuresratherthancreatingshort-termpredictions.

Changesinanimalbehaviorbeforeearthquakeshavebeenobservedanddocumentedindifferentpartsoftheworld,mostrecentlyinthenorthernCaliforniaearthquakeofOctober17,1989.IthasbeenrecordedthatafishinahighschoolbiologylabinCaliforniawouldfliponitssidebeforesomeearthquakes.Dogs,cats,snakes,andhorseshavealsobeenknowntobehavestrangelybeforeearthquakes.Butit'

spossiblethechangeinanimalbehaviormaybecausedbyotherevents.Also,thebehaviorisnotconsistent;

sometimesearthquakesoccurwithnopreviousbehavioralchange.

Howtoprepareforanearthquake?

Perhapsanearthquake'

sgreatestdangerlieinthefactthatitcanoccuralmostatonce.Ifyouliveinalocationthat'

spronetoearthquakes,preparationbeforetheeventiscertainlykey.

ToparaphrasetheAmericanRedCross:

"

It'

snottheshakingthathurts.It'

sthestuffthatfallsonyourhead."

Collapsingwalls,flyingglassandfallingobjectscausemostquake-relatedinjuriesanddeaths.

Lookaroundyourhouseforthingsthatcouldfallormove.Askyourselfwhatmayhappenifyourcupboarddoorsflyopenduringaquake,allowingdishesorGod-knows-whattofallacrossthefloor.IstheTVandstereofasteneddownandareshelvesfastenedtowalls?

Doyouhavehangingplantsorlightfixturesthatmightfall?

Isthereaheavypictureormirroronthewalloveryourbed?

Knowthedangerspots.Securealltallandheavyfurniturethatcouldtopple（倾倒）over,suchasbookcases,chinacabinetsorwallunits.Hangheavypicturesandmirrorsawayfrombeds,couches,andanywherepeoplesit.Keepbreakablesorheavyobjectsonbottomshelves.

Stayclearofwindows,fireplaces,orappliancesifaquakehits;

stayoutofthekitchen--it'

sadangerousplace.Inshort,stayawayfromanythingthatcouldprobablyfallonyou.Don'

trundownstairsorrushoutsidewhilethebuildingisshaking,orwhilethereisadangeroffallingorbeinghitbyfallingglassordebris.Secureawaterheaterbystrappingittowallstudsandboltingittothefloor.DefineYourSafetyZone:

againstinsidewalls,understrongtablesordesks,instout（结识的）doorways.

Keepfoodandwatersuppliesonhand. 

Youshouldbepreparedtotakecareofyourselfandlovedonesforaperiodof72hours.Thisishowlongitisestimatedforhelptoarrive,astheyhavetodealwiththesamepredicamentsasyou.Havetwoplaceswhereeveryonecanmeet.Onewillbeyouhome,butyoushouldhaveasecondincasethere’saproblem-Itshouldbeasafedistancefromyourhouseincaseofahomefire,andaplaceoutsideyourneighborhoodincaseyoucan'

timmediatelyreturn 

Findoutaboutearthquakeplansdeveloped 

byyourchildren'

s 

school 

ordaycare. 

Remember,transportationmaybedisrupted. 

Keepsomeemergencysupplies--food,liquids,andcomfortableshoes,forexample--atwork.

DuringtheEarthquake

Ifyouareindoors,staythere{Getunderaheavydeskortableandhangontoit,moveintoahallwayorgetagainstaninsidewall.

Ifyouareoutside,getintotheopen-awayfrombuildings,powerlines,chimneys,andanythingelsethatmightfallonyou.Ifyouaredriving,quicklybutcarefullymoveyourcarasfaroutoftrafficaspossibleandstop.Donotstoponorunderabridgeoroverpassorundertrees,lightposts,powerlines,orsignsStayinsideyourcaruntiltheshakingstops.

Whenyouresumedriving,stayawayfrombreaksinthepavement,fallenrocks,bumpsintheroadatbridgeorrampapproaches,andanythingelsethatdoesn'

tlook"

right"

.Ifyouareinamountainousarea,watchoutforfallingrock,landslides,trees,andotherdebristhatcouldbeloosenedbyquakes.

Don'

ts

Donotturnonthegasagainifyou'

veturneditoffthegascompanyshoulddoit.They'

llknowifit'

ssafetodoso.

Donotusematches,lighters,campstoves,barbecues,electricalequipmentoranyappliancesuntilyouaresuretherearenogasleaks.Theymaycreateasparkthatcouldigniteleakinggasandcauseanexplosion.

Donotuseyourtelephone,exceptforamedicalorfireemergency.Youcouldtieupthelinesneededoremergencyresponse.Ifanemergencyoccursandthephonedoesn'

twork,sendsomeoneforhelp.

Donotexpectfreighters,policeorparamedicstodefinitelybethereforyou.Theymaynotbeavailable.

Remember,thecontentsofyourhomemaybedamagedandcanhedangerous.Quakescanmakelightfixturesfall,andbookcasesandtelevisionsetstoppleoverevenaftertheshakingisover.

AftertheEarthquake

Also,bepreparedforaftershocks.Theyarestrongenoughtotopple（倾倒）morebuildings,cutoffutilitylinesandhurtyouhours,days,weeks--evenmonthsafterthemainquake.Ifyourhouseisinsolidshape,stayindoorsifanaftershockhits.Wearsturdyshoestoavoidinjuryfrombrokenglassanddebris.Stee~toedworkbootsmaybebest.

Checkforinjuriestoyourselfandthosearoundyougivefirstaidwhereyoucan.Ifapersonisbleeding,putdirectpressureonthewoundandusecleangauze,orclothifavailable,Donotattempttomoveseriouslyinjuredpersonsunlesstheyareinfurtherdangerofinjury.Coverthewoundedwithblanketstokeepthemwarm.Seekmedicalhelpforseriousinjuries.

Cleanupspilledmedicines,bleaches,gasolineorotherflammableliquidsimmediately.Leavetheareaifyousmellgasorfumesfromotherchemicals.

Openclosetandcupboarddoorscautiously.

Inspecttheentirelengthofchimneyscarefullyfordamage.Unnoticedcrackscouldleadtoafire.Alsoinspectyourgas,powerandsewerlines.Ifyourutilitiesaredamaged,fixthemorgetoutuntilyoucanhavesomeoneelsedoso.

Remembertocheckneighborswhomayrequirespecialassistanceinfants,theelderly,andpeoplewithdisabilities.

Stayoutofbuildingsknowntobedamage&

Usethetelephoneonlyforemergencycalls.Onlydriveifthere'

sanemergency.Keepthestreetsclearforemergencyvehicles.

Listentoabattery-operatedradioortelevisionforthelatestemergencyinformation.

Returnhomeonlywhenauthoritiessayitissafe.

1.Earthquakesmayoccurwhenthealtitudeandtheshapeoftheplatesmakinguptheearthchangeduetotheinternalpressureandstressinsidetheearth.

2.Excessivecuttingdownofforestandlackoftrees-plantingalsoinduceadevastatingearthquake.

3.InSanFranciscopeoplehavemadeeffortstoimprovethesafetyofstructurebecauseamajorearthquakeispredictedtohappeninashortterm.

4.Whenyouseethatmanyanimalslikedogs,cats,snakesorhorsesbehavestrangely,youcanpredictamajorearthquakemayoccurimmediately.

5.Preparationfortheearthquakeisoneofthekeystosurviveamajorearthquake,whichincludesknowingwhere