英语论文Translation Context of The Adaptation Theory on Euphemism Transalation 3Word格式文档下载.docx
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Everysociety,everyspeechcommunityandeverysocialclasshastheireuphemismofvariouskinds.Asakindoflanguage,itiswidelyusedinhumancommunication.Soitisnotsurprisingthatmanyfamousliteraryworkscontainalotofeuphemisms.Sinceeuphemismhasbeenplayinganimportantroleinhumanrelationandcross-culturalrelation,theissueofeuphemismtranslationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.
Sofar,therehavebeensomeachievementsabouteuphemismtranslationtheoriesandtranslatingtechniquesintheacademiccircles.Forinstance,Eugene.A.Nida,afamousAmericantranslationtheorist,declared“DynamicEquivalentprinciple”;
Nord,Christianedeclared“Purpose-orientedTranslationPrinciple”;
Gricealsomentioned“CooperativePrinciple”andLeechdeclared“PolitenessPrincipleinTranslation”.Apartfromtheresearchoftheserelatedtheories,therearesomeeuphemismtranslatingtechniquesemergingaccordinglyinrecentyears.Asusual,LiteralTranslation,FreeTranslation,LendingTranslationandFlexibleTranslationarefourcommontranslatingtechniques.NowSpanishtranslatorJavierFrancoAixela’stheoryaboutculture-specificitemsandlevelsofequivalencehavebeenpresenttothepublic;
alsothereisanewtranslatingtechniqueputforthbyJefVerschueren,whichiscalledthetheoryofadaptation,nowwidelyacceptedbythepublic.
AsJefVerschueren’stranslatingtheoryisthoughtfulandflexible,itmayhaveapromisingfutureintranslatingfield.Withregardtopresentresearchoftranslatingtheoriesandtechniques,itisfarfromenoughineuphemismtranslating.Therefore,itispossibletofindabettereuphemismtranslatingtechniqueinthelightofVerschueren’sadaptationtheory.
2.Generalintroductionabouteuphemism
2.1Definitionandfunctionofeuphemism
Euphemism,onerhetoricterminEnglish,is“euphemismos”inancientwesternrhetoric.ThewordeuphemismcomesfromtheGreekeu(good)andpheme(speechorsaying),meaningliterally“tospeakwithgoodwordsorinapleasantmanner”.Itisusuallyusedtopreservedecencywhenreferringtounpleasantthings(Vickers,1988:
407).IncurrentEnglishdictionaries,euphemismsaredefinedasfollows:
substitutionofaninoffensivetermforoneconsideredbluntofoffensive.(AmericanHeritageDictionary,the3rdedition,1992);
word,etc.usedinplaceofoneavoidedase.g.offensive,indecent,oralarming.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLinguistics.ShanghaiForeignLanguagesPublishingHouse,2000,12);
aeuphemismisusedasanalternativetoadispreferredexpression,inordertoavoidpossiblelossofface(Allan&
Burridge,1991).Thesedefinitionsshowusafactthattherearesomethingsinlifethatshouldnotbestatedtruthfully----thattherearetimeswhenitisnecessary,evenwise,notto“callaspadeaspade”buttousesomebetter-soundingname.
2.2Importanceofthetranslatingofeuphemism
Withthedevelopmentoftheinter-culturalcommunication,thetranslatingofeuphemismisboundtobemoreandmoreimportant,sothesignificanceofthetranslatingofeuphemismfromthefollowingaspectsshouldbefurtherillustrated.Firstly,thetranslatingofeuphemismhelpsreaderstounderstandthecultureofthesourcelanguage.Everyculturehasitsownlanguage;
meanwhilelanguagecanofferaninsightintotheculture.Sowhenthelanguagelearnerswanttograspalanguagewell,whattheyneedmosttolearnisalsotheculturethatisembodiedinthelanguage.(郭锦桴,1993:
29)Thisistruewiththelearningandmasteringofeuphemism.Actually,euphemismtranslatinghelpstorevealwhatpeopleinthesourcelanguageculturereallythinkinaeuphemisticway,andtoshowtotheoutsideworldlotsofdeep-seatedmodesty,whichishidingintheirsub-consciousness.Secondly,euphemismtranslatinghelpstoenrichthecultureofthetargetlanguage.Translatingconductusuallycantouchtheveryinnerofthetargetlanguageculture,bygivingthetargetlanguageashakeupandsharpeningsothatitbecomessensitiveandaliveagain(WangZuoliang,1987:
127-128)Now,anexample“yen”willbegivenasfollows.The“yen”istransliteratedfromaChineseexpression“瘾”(euphemisticallyreferringtoaddiction).Consequently,itaddsabrilliantexpression“tohaveayenforsomething”toEnglishlanguage.Suchsimilarexamplesarealsoavailableinothercountries’language,thatis,thetargetlanguage’sculturebecomescolorfulafterborrowingothercountries’differentformsoflanguage,includingeuphemism.Heretheexampleaboveisaborrowedvocabulary,whichreallyenrichestheEnglishlanguageculturebyenlargingitsvocabulary.Thirdly,euphemismtranslatinghelpstofulfillcross-culturecommunication.Inthecross-culturalcommunication,peoplefromdifferentculturesmaycomeacrossmanyproblemsanddifficultieswhentheircommunicationcontainsmanyeuphemisticexpressions.Soitisnotsurprisingthatitishardforpeoplewhodonotbelongtothesourceculturestounderstandtheeuphemismofthetargetlanguage,letalonetheappreciationofthem.However,euphemismtranslatingcansolvetheseproblemsandhelppeopletounderstandeachotherwellsoastofulfillcross-culturalcommunication.
3.Presentsituationandproblemsineuphemismtranslating
3.1Inadequacyofeuphemismtranslation
Aseuphemismsarecloselyrelatedtoculture,theyarediversifiedinformandmeaning,sothatpeopleofthetargetlanguagewhoarenotfamiliarwiththesourcelanguageculturefinditratherdifficulttounderstandtheeuphemisms,needlesstosaytranslatingofthem.Inthispart,thepresentproblemsintranslatingofeuphemismwillbediscussed.
Thefirstproblemismistranslationofeuphemism.Asweknow,languageshavetheiruniversalpropertyanduniquecharacter.Itisnotsurprisingtonoticethatsomeseeminglycorrespondingtranslationseventuallycausediscomfortorevenantipathyamongthetargetlanguagereaders,becauseofthetranslator’soversightfornotbeingabletotellataboofromaeuphemism.Herearesomeexamples:
inahotel,acaptainsays,“takinggoodcareofadisabledguest”.ItscorrespondingChineseis“热情照顾行动不便者”.Itseemsthateverythinggoeswell.However,thereissomethingneededtoimprove.Theword“handicapped”soundsoffensivetonativeEnglishspeakers,forsuchaexpressionhurtstheirfeelingsinpublic.Therefore,theoffensiveanddispleasing“handicapped”canbereplacedwith“disabled”,whichsoundsmilderwithkeepingtheoriginalmeaning.Theaboveexampleisamistranslationofaspokeneuphemism.Anotherexampleisamistranslationofawritteneuphemismonanadvertisedmedicinecalled“轻身减肥片”.Atranslatorputthenameas“Obesity-ReducingTablet”.Semanticallyspeaking,thereisnothingwrong.Buttheword“obesity”maybeoffensivetothebuyersandgivethemafeelingofbeingoverweightinpublic,sofewofthemwouldliketoshowfavortowardsthemedicinealthoughitmayhavearemarkableeffect.
Thesecondoneisaboutthelossoforiginalrhetoricflavorofthesourcelanguage.Intranslation,manyexperiencedtranslatorsregardthe“faithfulness”asagreatimportantprinciple.Actuallywhentranslating,atranslatorshouldtrythefaithfulnessnotonlyincontentbutalsoinstyle,foritisequallysignificanttoretaintheoriginalrhetoricalflavorofthesourcelanguage.Thisistruewiththetranslatingofeuphemism,whichcarriessomespecialflavorsuchasbeingnovel,humorous,wittyandelegant.ButsometimesthisuniqueflavorofeuphemismisoftenlostwhentranslatedbetweenEnglishandChinese.Someexampleswillillustratethispoint.Oneexampleisthetranslationofaslangyeuphemism“classy-chassis”.Itisarhythmeuphemismindicatinganextremelyattractivefigure.InChineseitmeans“优美的身段”.However,althoughtheChinesetranslationexpressesthecontentofthesourcelanguage,itfailstoretainthesourcelanguage’sstyle,thatis,theoriginalflavorofdelicatephoneticbeautyofthesourcelanguagevanishesassoonasitistranslatedintoChinese.Hence,itisafailureofkeepingtheoriginalrhetoricflavorofthesourcelanguageineuphemismtranslating.Anotheroneisthetranslationofapun-likeeuphemism“understandings”.Itisahumorousexpressionconsistingofthepluralformofacompoundword(“under”plus“standing”)withtheeuphemisticmeaningof“legs”.InChineseitrepresents“腿”,butnohumorandthinkinginimagescanbesensedfromitsChinesetranslation.Fromthetwoexamples,itcanbeseenthatitisdifficulttopreservetherhetoricalflavorofthesourcetext,especiallywhenthereisnoequivalentexpressionavailableinthetargetlanguage,thusitcausesagreatproblemineuphemismtranslating.
Thelastoneisthatvivideuphemismsarereducedtoordinaryonesduetolackofequivalents.Itisobviousthatsomeeuphemismsaremorethanvividsuchastheeuphemisticexpressionsinthefollowingsentence:
Abothverticallyandhorizontallychallengedguysisinwantofahorizontallyaccessiblecompanion.Inthissentence,“verticallychallenged”,“horizontallychallenged”and“horizontallyaccessible”arehumorouseuphemismsreferringto“short”,“stout”and“easy”respectively.Whenitistranslatedinto“一个身材不高,有点发福的男子想找一个随便的女子当伴侣”,thoughthereisnothingwronggrammaticallyandsemantically,thetranslatingisfarfromsatisfactory,becausethewholesentenceofthetargettextisbalancedinstructure,interestingincontentandhumorousintone,allofwhichcannotbesensedagaininitsChinesetranslation,sothatitcanhardlyarousethereader’sinteresttoread.Onemoreexample,peoplew